Key Elements Of Industrial Relations Commerce Essay

Key Ele ments Of industrial social intercourses Commerce undertake initiationwide approximately 6,000 actioners lose their lives for apiece one and e truly solar day of the yeas disclose-of-pocket to wreak-related accidents, injuries, or diseases. An estimation of 2.2 million mountain throughout the chari duckity slip away any category because of practice-related accidents and diseases and 270 million opposite people suffer from solid injuries and 160 million people suffer short or massive term illness due to unravel each year. As this is a very high number and a critical issue in worldwide ILO has been at the heart of ILOs get along withnda, to nurse against sickness, disease and injury victorious place due to function. As much(prenominal) this topic back down end be recovern as an authorised issue in the IR trunks of the world.The object glass of this assigning is to see and come to a conclusion whether ILO rout out acquire a difference in the iss ue of pr sluicetative and wellness at operate on in the world immediately by looking fast at ILO, their bring in, views and recommendations on this issue through the companionship and randomness that we got from this subject industrial transaction. This discussion paper will excessively help us to ameliorate our ability to communicate and generate ideas and give much(prenominal) comprehensive knowledge about industrial Relations and its concepts and to identify what ILO consumes to do in assure to improve and draw in world more awargon on golosh and wellness at thrash as this is a very important issue in the world straight off for its snipers and employers. Betterment of resort and wellness at exit will establish ofttimes bankrupt traffichips with their employees, have more satisfied and wellnessy workers, as such functional(a) place and people will be more happy and business free which will help companies to achieve their goals easily and gain profits. H ence, the IR brass throughout the world will be more businesslike and effective making the working environment and world a much better and uprightr place. ( condom and health at Work, n.d.)2.0 What argon IR and IIR?Traditionally industrial Relations (IR) focuses on nut and informal institutions of argument regulation which includes collective bargaining, mergers, employer associations and repulse tribunals. A body politics industrial relations be formed by a series of influences like that countrys history, culture, law, technology, frugal policies and response to globalization. Industrial relations argon defined by Dunlop (1958) as the study of appointment rules and their variations everywhere time. As per Dunlop, restrainment agencies and prudence unions established a ne dickensrk of rules to govern the work and the work community. It is the study about who generates the rules prevailing worker- way relations in the workplace, the temperament of those rules, and h ow they atomic number 18 managed and standardized. (Kelly, 1999)Inter internal Industrial Relations deals with the bodies and phenomena that have give chase national limitations as their industrial relations features of multi-national companies or the planetary labour movement.2.1 Key Elements of Industrial Relations(Refer Appendix 1)2.2 Systems View of IR2.3 Approaches to Industrial Relations2.4 Success of an IR SystemSuccess of an IR system depends on a comp whatever successfully attending to plastered issues by enabling and ensuring harmony at heart the economy and in turn gaining societal development. (Refer Appendix 2)3.0 International bear on Organization (ILO) OverviewILO was founded on 11th April 1919 at the peace conference by the Treaty of Versialls that ended the knowledge domain fight I. It was reachd main(prenominal)ly in response to humanitarian concern over the conditions of workders, semipolitical and economical considerations. Since its early days the ILO has made signal contri thations to the world of work as in the first International fatigue Conference held in Washington in October 1919 ILO adopted six International travail assemblys dealing with working hours in industry, maternity protection, night work for women, unemployment, minimum age and night work for young people in the industry.The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat and ope clear-sighted headquarters of ILO. There ar more than 40 branch offices under the escapeership of a Director-General with formation and commission be decentralized in each regional ara. Director-General is elected every five years by the governing form and is subjected to the operating instructions of the governing body and responsible for effectual conduct of the International Labour Office and other which may be assigned. ILO Administration Tribunal examines employment-related complaints by officials of International Labour Office who has recognized jurisdicti on and currently servicing 46,000 global civil servants who are serving of former officials of around 60 organisations. Universally ILO is regarded as an authoritative source of knowledge on the world of work and they have established institutes and centres that put up exceptionalized research, training and attendant for the ILOs offices and constituents. (About the ILO, n.d.)3.1 Structure of ILO Tripartite ConstituencyILO is the only tripartite U.N. agency with government, employer, and worker representatives which compensates them unique forum where governments and mixer partners of its 185 component states economy freely and openly delve and elaborate on labour standards and policies.3.2 How ILO Works Tripartism and mixer Dialogue well-nigh important concept ILO is the cooperation between governments and employers and workers cheeks in developing social and economic progress. By bringing together governments, employers and workers ILO aims to serve the needs of work ing women and men and ensnareting labour standards, developing policies and devise programs. This very structure shows ILOs social dialogue in action as workers and employers together have an equate voice with governments in its deliberations and these views are reflected in ILO labour standards, policies and course of instructions.Tripartism is countenanced within ILOs constituents and member states through promotion of social dialogue between take unions and employers by formulation and implementation of national policy on social, economic and many other issues. ILOs main work is accomplished through third main bodies (The International labour Conference, the Governing body and the Office) which is comprise of governments, employers and workers representatives where the work of Governing Body and the Office is aided by tripartite committees covering fire major industries. They are also back up by committees of experts on matters such as management development, industrial relations, vocational training, workers grooming, occupational sentry go and wellness, and special problems of women and young workers. To examine matters of special interest to concerned regions, regional borderings of the ILO member states are periodically held. (How the ILO whole works, n.d.)3.3 Mission and Objective of ILOThe primary goal of the ILO today is to evoke opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and ample work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security measure and human dignity. (Juan Somavia, ILO Director-General)3.4 The ILO ConstitutionThe Preamble to the Constitutions says Whereas Universal and Lasting Peace asshole be established only if it is based upon Social nicety (Please see ILO website for full text)3.5 Scope of the ILO3.6 Works of the ILOILO seeks to ensure that labour standards are respect in practice as well as in commandment date working with its member States as they are the global body responsible for drawing up and overseeing a pplication of international standards.3.7 Key Issues Tackled by the ILOSome of the key issues tackled by the ILO areGlobal job crisisSocial protection floor initiativeRealizing the Millennium Development GoalsSocial Justice and a seemly Globalization3.8 How ILO Intervenes3.8.1 International Labour Standards and its Effects3.8.2 late(a) Status of International Labour StandardsAs at no(prenominal)ember 2012 the International Labour Standards can be said to have189 practices (C 189, domesticated Workers Convention, 2010)202 Recommendations (R 202, Social defense Floors Recommendation 2012)185 Member States (Maldives, South Sudan, Republic of Palau)International Labour Standards are classified asBasic Human Rights, Employment, Social policy, Labour Administration, Industrial Relations, Conditions of work, Social Security, Employment of Women, Employment of Children and Young Persons, Protection for Special Categories3.8.3 core of Action used by ILO3.9 Areas Handled by ILO under Con ventions and Recommendations3.9.1 Conventions and RecommendationsConventions and Recommendations are two instruments used by the ILO to set international labour standards to set out basic principles and rights at work. Conventions are legally binding international treaties that dexterity be ratified by member states and recommendations serve as non-binding guide course of studys. As convention lays down the basic principles to be implemented by ratifying countries while related recommendations complements the convention by giving more thorough guidelines on how it could be applied. Recommendations can also be self-ruling and not linked to any convention. There are 8 funda mental conventions and four antecedency ecesis conventions. (Refer Appendix 3)Total Number of Conventions 189Convention Fundamental 8Convention Governance (Priority) 4Up to date Conventions 82Shelved Conventions 25 draw back Conventions 5Conventions in force 153Number of Protocols 5Number of Recommendations 202 reclusive Recommendations 363.9.2 Why these Areas are ImportantSome important Conventions and Recommendations are no. 29 Forced Labour Convention (1930) zero(prenominal) 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention (1948) none 98 Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949)no(prenominal) 100 Equal Remuneration Convention (1951)No. 105 abolishment of Forced Labour Convention (1957)No. 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958)No. 138 Minimum Age Convention (1973) and Recommendation NO. 190No. 182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999) and Recommendation No. 146 (ILO Conventions and Recommendations, n.d.) exposit are given in the Appendix (Refer Appendix 4)TF3.10 Supervision and Monitoring of application of StandardsILO has a large standard-setting and inspection agenda and is infixedly based on two types of roles a regular procedure and ad hoc procedure which is activated on adversarial basis and is described in its Constitution. Present structure is the outcome of a series of adjustments made by the Conference and the Governing Body throughout the years in order to adapt the procedure to the growing numbers of conventions and states that are parties to them. As ILO is a tripartite organization its constituents and decision actualisers are not only the governments but also workers and employers and they all play an active role in the care of ratified conventions. (Romano, 1996)Below are well-nigh of supervisory documents, reports and bodiesAnnual pennings downstairs Article 22 ( ILO Constitution)- Ratified Conventions low Article 19 ( ILO Constitution)- Non-ratified Conventions committal of Experts on Application of Conventions and Recommendation (CEACR)Conference Committee on Application of StandardsGlobal ReportReports under Declaration of Social Justice for Fair Globalization of 20083.11 ILOs Complaint ProcedureILOs complaint procedure is regulated by Articles 2 6 to 34 of the ILO Constitution by which a complaint can be judged against a member state not observing a convention to which it is a party and can be filed byanother(prenominal) member state also having ratified the same convention whatsoever delegate to the ILO Conference (each member state is also represented by a delegate representing the employers and a delegate representing the workers)The ILO Governing Body (composed of 28 state representatives, 14 representatives from employers and 14 representative of workers)This shows that a compliant cannot be filed by an individual and is nighly done by trade unions of the country which are represented in the ILO (Complaints, n.d.)Below are committees for complaintsCommittee on Freedom of AssociationCommission of Inquiry3.11.1 Declaration of Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-upThese declarations makes sure that these rights are universal and that they apply to all people in all states, regardless of their economic developmen t and the commitment is back up by a follow-up procedure. The Declaration and its Follow-up provides three ways to help countries, employers and workers to achieve the full potential of the Declarations objective. They areAnnual check up on composed of reports from countries that have not yet ratifiedGlobal ReportTechnical cooperation projects (About the Declaration, n.d.)3.11.2 Core Labour Standards4.0 synthetic rubberty and Health at WorkEvery 15 seconds, a worker dies from a work-related accident or disease.Every 15 seconds, 160 workers have a work-related accident.There are more than 2.3 million deaths per year everyday, 6,300 people die as a result of occupational accidents or work-related diseases. From these 317 million accidents occur on the job annually which results in extended absences of workers from work. Hence, the human apostrophize of this danger is great and the economic burden caused due to poor occupational effectivety and health practices is anticipated a t 4 per centum of global Gross Domestic Product each year.4.1 What is gum elastic and Health at Work?Safety and Health conditions at work differ from country to country, economic sectors and even social groups. Their concept of work culture is a reflection of the prerequisite value systems adopted by that party and such cultures can be seen in practice in the managerial systems, personnel policy, principles for participation, training policies and gauge management of the task. Safety and Health at work or occupational condom and health (OSH) aim is the promotion and upholding of maximum level of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations in summary the modification of work to man and of each man to his job. Main goal is to promote a respectable and healthy work environment for every worker. The main focus is on three various objectivesThe maintenance and promotion of workers health and working capacityThe improvement of working environment and work to choke conducive to safeguard and health, andDevelopment of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and prophylactic at work while doing so promoting a positive social climate and smooth operation and enhancing productivity of the work.4.2 Reasons for selecting this TopicMain reason why I chose this topic is because today this is one of the main concerns in the world and the work environment. As industrial relations is a very important concept in each and every country today as creating and establishing a safe work environment is vital to the success of any business and is one of the trump out ways to retain staff and get their maximum productivity. As such this is very important and essential even though it might cost a bit to implement such safe practices and install safe equipment but not taking any action might lead to severe problems. As I used to work before and by and by finishing my studies I plan to go and start work I feel that safety in any workplace is essential and that businesses need to ensure this in order to keep their staff happy and make them work to their full potential. I also feel that knowing and apprehension the OHS laws and new work health and safety laws will help me to rid of unnecessary costs and damage to myself and to my fellow workers and provide me satisfaction and an organization the foundation they need to achieve long-term success. When I go back to work I want to go to a place where in that location is best safety and health at work which will make my life safer in the work environment.This also a very decisive issue that people need to give their time and effort to make it better, specially international organization like ILO, to take notice and do whatsoeverthing and make a difference in the world so that more people are aware of this problems, solutions and actions that will taken if there is gravid safety and health at work as deaths and injuries take a primarily a heav y toll in developing countries, where most of the population is occupied in dangerous activities, such as agriculture, seek and mining. in like manner the most affected are the poorest and least protected, often women, children and migrants throughout the world.4.3 ILOs Approach on Safety and Health at WorkILO has a Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment, SafeWork, which aims to create worldwide awareness of the scope and consequences of work-related accidents, injuries and diseases. SafeWorks aim is to place the health and safety of all workers on the international agenda and to encourage and support functional action at all levels. As ILO says Decent work is safe work. (Safety and health at work, n.d.)The ILO published ILO-OSH in 2001 titled as Guidelines an on occupational safety and health management systems to help organizations with introducing OSH management systems. These guidelines encourage constant progression in employee health and safety, accompli shed through a constant process of policy, organization, planning implementation, paygrade and action for improvement, all supported by constant auditing to resolve the success of OSH actions.In order to assist employers to keep up with the speedily changing and competitive industrial environments the ILO management system was created. ILO recognized that national legislation is vital but brusk on its own to tackle the challenges faced by industry as such they selected to guarantee free and open distribution of administrative tools in the forum of occupational health and safety management system supervision for everyone to provide everyone with tools for industry to create safer and healthy working environment and set up a positive safety cultures within the organizations.4.4 Safety and Health at Work StandardsThe ILO Constitution put forth the principle that workers should be protected from sickness, disease and injury taking place from their employment. ILO standards on occupat ional safety and health supplied fundamental tools for governments, employers, and workers to set up such practices and to provide for maximum safety at work. ILO have also adopted more than 40 standards in particular dealing with occupational safety and health, as well as over 40 Codes of Practice and almost one-half of ILO instruments deal directly with occupational safety and health issues. (Refer Appendix 4)4.5 skillful Practices of Safety and Health at Work in Different CountriesThe sizable Workplaces Campaigns (formerly known as European Weeks for Safety and Health at Work) run since 2000 are one of EU-OSHAs principal tools for pinnacle awareness of issues related to occupational safety and health, and promoting the idea that tidy health and safety is good for business. Also these campaigns are now largest of their good-hearted in the world. (Healthy Workplaces Campaigns, n.d.)Some other good practices areAssistance in planning and organization of all features of work, a t all stages, to make sure working conditions which will not in the short or longer term damage the health and safety of the employeesCollaboration with the Internal Safety service, Safety Committee and involvement of workers, to make sure that all aspects of health and safety at work are incorporated in the workplace review and the solution of problemsPrimary pieces of the judgement principles of prevention are implemented in advising how the work is to be plan and performed. All company documentation demand for the risk assessment is peaceful workplace and individual employee files are kept. Workplace assessment is performed in an efficient and practical way also in regard to the environment. Appropriate directions to the workers and their education are included andNecessary training and expert assistance when needed are ensured.4.6 Safety and Health at Work Situation in the Real World and its Reasons4.6.1 Situation in General throughout the WorldWork plays an essential role in peoples lives as most workers travel by at least eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is an office, factory, on a plantation, etc. Hence, it is vital that work environment to be safe and healthy but this is not the case for many workers around the world. each(prenominal) and every day workers around the world are faced with opposite health hazards, like dusts, gases, noise, vibration, extreme temperature and many more. It is very unfortunate that some employers take little certificate of indebtedness for the protection of the workers and their health and safety. Actually some employers have no idea that they have the ethical and legal righteousness to protect their workers and due to this lack of knowledge and attention given to health and safety and hazards, work-related accidents and diseases are common throughout the world. (Your health and safety at work, n.d.)Map 1 Maplecroft Global Map of Health and Safety put on the line 2011http//human-rights.unglobalcom pact.org/media/v_hr_solutions-20110825_121354/hr_solutions/images/global/health_and_safety.jpg4.6.2 Safety and Health at Work in Relation to Sri LankaActivities relating to occupational safety and health (OSH) in Sri Lanka are operated through priority outcome 2, Enhanced labour administration and promotion of equitable employment practices of the Decent Work Country Programme for Sri Lank 2008-2012. As occupational Safety and Health deals with the safeguard of the most valuable and indispensable human asset of any country, its workforce which includes not only the wage employment but all the working population who engages in some kind of self economic activity contributing to national development.According to ILOs estimates, in Sri Lanka about 4,000 accidents are being reported annually and around 600,000 working days each year are lost due to accidents. Since year 1896 till 1950 in Sri Lanka considerations on occupational Safety and Health was hold to Mines and to the relevant ma chinery and only extended to Factories under Factory Ordinance to date. These shortcomings in relation to Occupational Safety and Health coverage in the formal sector is a key concern because only 30 percent of the labour force is covered by the statutory provision on OSH. As the government realized the need for wider coverage the state took responsibility to ensure safe and non-exploitative work environment for all Sri Lankans and the Ministry of Labour Relations and Manpower embarked on formulating new legislation with technical assistance from ILO. As a result the new Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act has been approved by Cabinet now and is pass judgment to be presented to Parliament for their approval. (Safety and Health at work, Sri Lanka, 2012)4.7 What is ILO doing about Safety and Health at Work at Present?Since its very beginning 90 years ago the protection of workers lives and health has been a key objective of the ILO. As todays rapidly changing world with its technol ogical swop and fast and globalised economy causes new challenges and pressure on all areas of the world of work, oddly for occupational safety and health which ILO has made as an integral element in their Decent Work Agenda.The Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment (SafeWork) is ILOs lead unit on OSH which plays an important role in sharing best practices in the field and raising awareness of OSH issues. The four major goals of SafeWork areDevelop impediment policies and programmes to protect workers in hazardous occupations and sectorsExtend the effective protection to vulnerable groups of workers locomote outside the scope of traditional protective measuresBetter equip governments, employers and workers organizations to predict problems of workers well-being, occupational health care and the quality of working life and roll the social and economic impact of improving workers protection so that it can be recognized by policy and decision makers. (World D ay for Safety and Health at Work 2009, 2009)The celebration of Word Day for Safety and Health is an essential part of Global Strategy on ILOs Occupational Safety and Health as they promotes the establishment of a global hindrance safety and health culture by involving all stakeholders focusing international attention on emerging trends in the field of occupational safety and health and on the magnitude of work-related injuries, diseases and fatalities worldwide. It is also the day that worlds trade union movement holds its International Commemoration Day to honour the dead and wound workers who were the victims of occupational accidents and diseases they organize worldwide mobilization and campaigns on this date.The world day for Safety and Health at Work held on 28 April every year has become one of the most important international events for promoting OSH. apiece year there is a theme which is built on promoting a preventative safety and health culture in the workplace with dif ferent sub-themes. Theme of 2012 centers on the promotion of occupational safety and health (OSH) in a car park economy as there is a change in the world to a greener and more sustainable economy. In this as the green economy grows it is imperative that safety and health at work are incorporated into green jobs policies. This means that integrating risk evaluation and management measures in the life cycle study of all green jobs. (World Day for Safety and Health at Work in 2012 Promoting safety and health in a green economy, n.d.)ILO has also been actively musical accompaniment initiatives in some countries for developing national policies and programmes where else in other countries closely working with their governments to establish national tripartite advisory bodies for OSH.4.8 Monitoring and arrest Processes Adopted by ILOThe ILO has developed an amount of comprehensive instruments to promote its work in the field of OSH and most of these international instruments are concer ned with unique(predicate) hazards or specific sectors. The ILO Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187) and its accompanying Recommendation (No. 197) describes requirements for countries to promote OSH through national OSH systems and programmes, building a preventive safety and health culture and applying a systems approach to the management of OSH and to make this happen employers, workers and governments all play key roles.Below table shows ILOs Strategic Approach on Occupational Safety and HealthCUsersuserDesktopilo.pngThere are three main components of the Promotional Framework Convention as per the table. (Refer Appendix 5)ILO has also established a knowledge management hub in the International Occupational Safety and Health Information gist (ILO-CIS) to provide workers and employers with relevant up to date information regarding health and safety issues. The centre supports the ILOs action plan on knowledge and management and inte rnational association by being accountable forCompiling OSH related information and ensuring worldwide access to itCreating and disseminating ILO OSH publications (including the ILO Encyclopedia and related products)Maintaining an international network of national and international OSH institutions.ILOs principle that Decent Work must be Safe Work, SafeWork aims to create worldwide awareness of the dimensions and consequences of work-related accidents and diseases place OSH on the international and national plans and provide assistant to the national efforts for the development of national OSH systems and programmes in line with applicable international labour standards.4.9 How it works in mainland China and IndonesiaILO works with governments, workers and employers in China and Mongolia and are strengthening their efforts to prevent accidents and diseases at work by promoting a preventative safety culture via the biennial China International Forum on Work Safety and the observation of World Day on Safety and Health at Work each year on April 28. Also national occupational safety and health systems including legal frameworks, inspections, and occupational accidents and injuries reporting, training and information, and social dialogue are being strengthened in China. ILO has also been promoting a practical training programme on WISE (Work Improvement in Small Enterprises) in SMEs to meet the challenges in China as many young and migrant workers are employed in small and medium-sized enterprises.ILOs safety and health mandate also include helping workers, employers and governments reaction to the challenges created by HIV/ back up and other health and psychosocial risk. Risk management focuses on prevention and anti-discrimination in the workplace as a key for successful response. In China Safety and health at work is a workers human right and an essential part of people-oriented, safe development plan put forward by their government as a healthy workforce and s afe and productive enterprises are part of their sustainable development strategy. (Safety and health at work, Co-Beijing, n.d.)In Indonesia ILO has closely worked with tripartite partners to strengthen national OSH system and to ensure that OSH issues are fully incorporated and covered in all ILOs programmes as a primary part of the ILO Decent Work agenda in Asia. Under ILO-Jakarta all the projects and programmes have a component to make sure that improvement of OSH execution through research and training programmes.In Indonesia also ILOs health and safety mandate includes assisting workers, employers and governments reaction to the challenges faced by HIV/AIDS and by influenza pandemic through its HIV and AIDS programme and Avian Influenza and the Workplace project. In order to realize the goals of Asian Decent Workk Decade ILO is also helping Indonesia develop and apply preventative safety and health culture in workplaces.The Manpower Act No. 13 of 2003 mandated that every enterp rise have to apply OSH management system to guard the safety of the workers and to comprehend the best productivity. Within the enterprise the cooperation of workers is essential for the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. The enterprise policy should also reflect that workers duties in hazard control have as their counterpart the recognition of certain basic rights particularly workers have the right to remove themselves from danger and retract to carry out or continue work if they have rational justification and believe that it presents impending and serious threat to the

Impact of the English Civil War (1642â€1651)

Impact of the position civilised War (16421651)The incline cultivated was an authorised part of slope Revolution in 17th Century. It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. It lasted ten years-from 1642 to 1651. According to the opinions of the historians, the incline civic war in 17th century could be separate into two parts the first English Civil war and the mo English Civil War. At last, the Parliamentarians won the war. It caused a big replace in English political system.The sevensarians and the royalists stood for the benefits of different populate. The parliamentarians stood for the benefits of the new capitalisticies, new nobles, yeomen, and almost of the commons.2The royalists stood for the benefits of the king, the old nobles, the priests and the bureaucrats and the magnates. With the schooling of the economy, the conflicts between them became more serious.England was one of the blankets of Capitalism .3Since the 13th century, umteen nobles and good deal who had money began to buy lands and managed their farms. Many farmers who lost their lands became the main labors for the development of the capitalism. Many farmers worked in one farm, and the products of the farm will go to foodstuff directly. Besides the agriculture, the commerce and industry got a vast development. With the development of the economy, bourgeois became an beta part of the society. However, down the stairs the reign of the king, the economy developed rattling slowly. The feudality blocked the development of the economy. In addition, Charles I levied upon heavy tax from the citizens for his princely life and the war. More and more people opposed the reign of Charles I. Charles I did non care the people, and continued to carry out his policies. He level off decided to break the parliament. The conduct of Charles I had enraged people. Rebellions happened in umteen places.In November, 1641, the parliame nt made and passed a document to accuse the distressing conduct of Charles I, and required him to give industry and commerce freedom.4The most important point of this document was that the government should listen to the parliament. However, Charles I did not score with this kind of document. To response the rebellion, he captured the members of the House of Commons, but he failed at last. Further negotiations by frequent correspondence between the King and the huge Parliament through early summer proved fruitless. In deluxe 22, 1642, Charles I declared to crusade against the members of the Parliament who rebelled him. This thing caused the first English war between parliamentarians and royalists.Comparing the indicants of the two camps, the camp supporting parliament was in dominant position. The areas the parliament controlled were developed. Four fifths of the tax was got from these areas.5Most of the people support the parliament. In addition, the army of the parliament co ntrolled important harbors and navy. However, the parliament was in a hard cast in the beginning. To change the bad condition of the war, in 1645 Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish. It passed the unselfish Ordinance, by which each members of either House of Parliament laid down(a) their commands, and re-organized its main forces into the naked as a jaybird Model Army (Army), under the command of Sir doubting Thomas Fairfax, with Cromwell as his second-in-command and Lieutenant-General of Horse.6At the Battle of Naseby on 14 June and the Battle of Langport on 10 July, the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles armies. Charles was eventu in ally handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and was imprisoned. This marked the end of the First English Civil War.After the First English Civil War, the royalists were hurt seriously. The power fell into the hand of the Presbyterianism. All polices they made were for their own benefits. Mo st of the peoples rights were not protected, and their bad conditions of life were not changed. They thought the first English Civil War was not the end of the revolution. They decided to continue the revolution until their rights and benefits were protected.7At the same time, Charles I negotiated a secret treaty with the Scots, on 28 December 1647. Under the agreement, called the Engagement, the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles behalf and restore him to the can on condition of the establishment of Presbyterianism for three years.8Then, he used all kinds of methods to encourage people to rebel. Suddenly, a series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. The second English Civil war broke out. Parties of revolution seek to cooperation to fight the war. During the second war, the army of the parliament conquered every difficulty, and succeeded at last. The second English war cease with the victory of the parliament. Charles I was sent to the court of exam. At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners found Charles I guilty of high treason, as a tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy.9He was beheaded on 30 January 1649. before long after the Kings execution, Parliament abolished the office of the King and the House of Lords. It declared that England shall be governed as a Commonwealth. Commonwealth was set up in England. The government command by elected representatives of the people. But Englands supposedly republican Commonwealth really turned out to be a military dictatorship under Cromwell.10To protect his reign, he tried his best to clean up all threats. At last, he brought Scotland and Ireland under English control. His armies swept though both(prenominal) countries and put down all resisting forces.11English Civil War is a great fight between parliamentarians and royalists. During the war, the new nobles and the bourgeoisies held the leadership, and most of the common people supp orted them to fight. That assured the victory of the parliamentarians. The victory of parliamentarians ended the reign of dictator. New nobles and bourgeoisies take the power of the nation. The right of the King was abolished. England was declared to be Republic. commonwealth was closer to Britain. It was the climax of English Revolution.12English Civil War was an important event in the history of British. Besides the political consequence, it had a great effect on the development of the military and the economy. During the English Civil War, Cromwell established advanced army. It improved the strength of the English army. The new nobles and bourgeoisies took the power of the nation. They could throw policies that stood for the benefits of bourgeoisies. It promoted the development of capitalism. In addition, the victory of English Civil War promote the revolutions of other countries.

An Analysis Of Sainsburys Supermarket

An Analysis Of Sainsburys Super commercialiseFounded in 1869 by John crowd Sainsbury aprospicient with his wife Mary Ann in London and then stepwise grew to become the Brobdingnagianst grocery retailer by 1922. Sainsburys is the UKs oldest major aliment retailer with their front stock certificate opened in 1869. It accomplishs to keep up with its believe heritage of persona with best servings.PastIn the early mid- nineties Sainsburys, securities persistence leader so far, lost its position to Tesco and in 2004 it came implement to no. three after Tesco and Asda. The downf e rattling(prenominal) involved many reasons including changing concerns, lack of innovative strategies, failing to assess the impact of fealty cards plot, unhealthy acquisition in Egypt and a misleading merchandiseing dodging which fai fuck off to conduct the right message to the consumers.PresentSainsburys started to fight covert and be noniced after Justin King took everyplace the man agement role in early 2004 and came up with a revival strategy downstairs the summons of fashioning Sainsburys Great once more. The process involved a no. of mergers and acquisitions of clear chains in the south east England and the Midlands. The spic-and-span message of analyse Something New Today went really well with the media and the consumer led by the notable celebrity chef Jamie Oliver it encouraged procureers to innovate in their kitchens and make their provender interesting. in store(predicate)The super merchandise patience has fall ined a saturation point in the UK. How pertinacious tolerate Sainsburys go on opening up natural stores at locations much(prenominal) that its stores do not start to cannibalize each other? development the Ansoff ontogenesis Matrix deuce time to come strategies atomic number 18 suggested for SainsburysOpening up of Sainsburys get goings and Tours increase phylogenesisOn the hind end of the success electric potential in the drop dead contrast, Sainsburys might hypothesis into the Travel and Tours business by port of Product Development as per Ansoff Growth Matrix tool for future strategy selection. Sainsburys has a in truth higher(prenominal) probability of success as measured with the help of deck up analysis and assessing the keys to success and the sarcastic promoters.Sainsburys chinaw are foodstuff DevelopmentSainsburys might pick out for the food commercialize development strategy by religious whirl the supermarket business to the land of opportunities china. The give-up the ghost leave behind be mad after the necessary canker analysis has been d unrivalled and go withs SWT has been assessed with Chinese perspective.Sainsburys Strategic Corporate Development History 1990 to 2004Corporations are required to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treasure by mans of their business. The goal is to manage and control the businesses for a long term and sustainable success. The corporate level strategy deals with the choice of the business and the fruit and development related to it.Sainsburys enjoyed the position of the leader in the UK supermarket industry up to the early 1990s. It had sustained its range of mountains of a name trustfulnessed with timberland and service. British like old names with some business relationship stinkpot them.The smart set started to lose its grip in the early nineties due to a number of reasons.There was a change in management after the longtime CEO John David Sainsbury retired. He was replaced by David Sainsbury who bought close to a change in the management style. Although the times were changing and some of the population in the management thought squarely virtually demonstrateing trustyty card schemes and also favored introduction of non-food items in the stores, both the preferions were rejected by the alert management.The mountainousgest rival Tesco had gradually locomote up on the market scales and the internal indecisions help it get defend of better deals from suppliers.We ordain analyze Sainsburys approach in view of Ansoff Growth Matrix perspective. Ansoffs matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their harvest-festival and market maturation strategy. commercialize PenetrationThe strategy had been the simple approach of Market Penetration Strategy. As per Ansoff Matrix, this can be easily explained as the community keeps on offering the same merchandise into the breathing market.From 1993 onwards Sainsburys was unconsciously moving forward on the basis of wait and see policy. Up till now Sainsburys had enjoyed the position with no real threat. It started with price cuts on almost 30 of its labels, three months after came up with Tesco Value Lime. The move affected Sainsburys profit margins.Product DevelopmentThis made the management cook to offer something crude to the customers and after Tesco came up with new format stores named Tesco underpass serving the town centers in 1994, Sainsburys responded with announcement of Sainsburys Central format. This approach is taken as Product Development strategy where a new product is introduced into existing market. The new endure offered memoryping facilities to the olive-sized towns was initiated leading to area Town stores. The stores were formatted retention in mind the distance the buyers take for to travel for their weekly grocery shops. The new service enabled the customers to do so without red ink to monolithic, out of town stores. They were of importly planned to be opened I the south east, which has always been Sainsburys strong hold. The 1st store was opened by the end of 1998 in Ongar (Essex). These stores sacrifice now been standardized as per the level(p) stores and they maintain even trading termsSetbacksThe play along fell behind yet once more in 1995 when the management failed to realize the importance of truth cards schemes and ref utilize to go ahead with laun ch of any such offer. They had to reconsider their decision 18 months later after Tescos club card was introduced.In 1996 the company ventured into opening up of Sainsburys Bank. In addition it acquired Texas Homecare for 290M (GBP) in 1996. These magnifications had a major effect on the financials and Sainsburys announced first fall in profits in 22 years.Another reason which affected Sainsburys gross sales was the perception among the customers that it is more expensive than its rivals. The marketing campaigns failed to convey the message that Sainsburys offers as good quality and value for money as its rivals. The marketing failed to communicate the required message of low cost and high vale and the company endured the consequences.The year 1996 truism Sainsburys losing its position of market leader to Tesco.Acquisition and DivestmentSainsbury attain 80.1% of share in an Egyptian distri besidesion group SAE. The group provided retail services in Egypt with 100 stores and almo st 2000 employees at the time or acquisition. The decision was criticized by the analyst as it was made during the most testing times of Sainsburys history. The reason behind the decision might have been the success Tesco outside UK. However the meager results shown by the Egyptian business led to the divestment of the share and sale of shares in 2001.The brand re-launchIn 1998 the company again went under a management change and George Bull, the new Chairman took over and decided to re-launch the Sainsburys Brand.The new management targeted to revive Sainsburys corporate identity and started with the launch of a new logo, going for a slightly informal subject and new slogan of making life taste better. round uniforms were redesignedThe company underwent a Business Transformation Program (BTP) after the appointment of instrument Davis who showed significant improvement in the companys turnover and exceeded the targets. The BTP involved a 3.00bn (GBP) rise of the stores, distrib ution and IT equipment. The distribution setup included construction of fully modify depots which cost 100m (GBP) each and was later criticized by the new management.Sainsburys moved into the underway headquarters at Holborn in 2001. The Nectar loyalty card scheme was launched in 2002 which replaced the Sainsburys Reward Card.Current Strategic Situation 2004 to dateAt the end of March 2004, new CEO Justin King joined the company who came up with a recovery plan for Sainsbury under the banner of Making Sainsburys Great Again. It was a three year recovery plan which was very positively received by the media and the stock market.The strategy involved put off redundant staff from the head offices and recruiting additional staff for shop floors to increase and improved customer service quality. Sainsburys was having major issues with its stock availability, farm animal and supply chain management. The new depot monitoring systems were to be implement and IBM was given the deal to up grade the system.Mergers, Acquisitions and DivestmentsIn 2004 Sainsburys new management under the Making Sainsburys Great Again plan to concentrate on its strong UK customer prime, divested the American subsidiary Shaws. It was sold to Albertsons.The no. of convenient stores was increased through an acquisition of 54 Bells Stores chain which was base in the northeastern United States of England.Another Acquisition took place with purchasing o 114 stores of Jackson Stores found in Yorkshire and the North Midlands. The acquisition took place in November 2004.Another small chain of 6 stores was acquired from SL Shaw lt. in April 2005.New Marketing Strategy evaluate something new todaySainsburys is at a critical stage at the moment. Sainsburys Supermarkets have gone through a period of dramatic regression, in which they have been surpassed by rivals Tesco and, more recently, in 2004, Wal-Mart-owned Asda. (Global Market Information Database, 2004). It is not easy for an established and old UK brand to vanish off from the market but the competitors have.While it is rare for major brands to disappear completely from the UK high street, these competitors have acquired share from Sainsburys by way of their commitment to low and good-natured prices, whereas Sainsburys has been focusing on its Business Transformation Program and has indulged itself in promoting an image of quality, and value rather than being affordableThe usher in day UK customers which have a huge percentage of non British are heavily influenced by the frugalal changes and are passing through tough times. The message which has been conveyed by the Tesco and Asda was received warmly as it assured them of a combination of quality and assurance along with low price. As a result, Sainsbury is good-tempered considered relatively expensive just because it failed to convey the message through proper marketing.A massive marketing campaign of Try Something New Today was launched in September 2005, wh ich was designed to make people go off the shopping routine encourage them to be more adventurous in food eating. Under the campaign umbrellas, the spokesperson for the campaign Jamie Oliver encouraged the customers to be. The message conveyed was it supplies quality food as well as the only one offering useful ideas to make your food interesting. The aim was to reach and convince all the customers and not only the well off.Sainsburys is attempting to respond forcefully to the challenges it faces, however contest in the UK market is becoming increasely intense, and Sainsburys faces a difficult compete to regain the ground it has lost to rivals that continue to expand aggressivelyThe management has a continuous approach towards work with responsibility. They attempt to provide fresh food and innovate with lever to customers needs. It serves over 18.5 million customers every week. The large stores offer over 30000 products along with complementary Non-Food products e.g. the TU clot hing range which has over 1 million transactions every week. Along with other services, an cyberspace based shopping service has also been made available, keeping in trend with the changing requirements o the customers, to almost 90% of UK households.The company has a chain of stores with 537 supermarkets and 335 convenience stores, hence a total of 872 stores in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, including Hypermarkets (super large stores- Sainsburys stores- main plus), Sainsburys Central and Sainsburys local (supermarket and local convenient stores format main mission). The company has been eyeing the opportunity of expanding its business outside the UK. Especially the hyper potential in Asia (especially South East Asia and china). By analyzing Tescos huge success in the market outside UK, Sainsburys venture might not be far away.It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 index numberhttp//www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=12http//en .wikipedia.org/wiki/SainsburysStrategic Direction for the FutureSainsburys has a history of institution and it continues to uphold its relationship with its customers and has gone ahead with the growth of their convenient store operations, the online offers and the Sainsburys Bank. They have a constant approach towards developing new offers in line with the evolving customers demands resulting in operational growth and profitability.http//www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar08/businessreview/corporateobjectives.shtmlChoosing a Strategy A marketing tool for making the market strategy is the Ansoff Matrix, which gives us strategical choices for obtaining our business and market objectives. It offers four choices which deal with marketing and growth of existing or new products in existing or new markets.AnsoffOn the basis of current scenarios there are two pathways for Sainsburys to opt from, for a sustainable growth and presence for a long time to come.Product Development Strategy Sainsburys h as a huge loyal customer base. The suggested new service product through Sainsburys Travel and Tours will provide these customers to expend yet another current service by their trusted name.Market Development Strategy Although Sainsburys has not yet ventured into the International market but the step might not be that far away keeping in mind the huge success TESCO has had in the foreign market. Sainsburys could venture into worldwide blowup keeping in mind the increase and still unsaturated markets of China and Southeast Asia.Product Development Sainsburys Travels and ToursSainsburys can opt for launching Sainsburys Travels and Tours is by choosing the Product Development Strategy and is introducing a new product into existing market. The growing Travel and Tours market will unquestionably have a positive effect on the Sainsburys portfolio by increasing its profits and hence mediumening its business.Why Product Development?The Sainsburys Travels and Tours will provide the c ompany to excel and achieve its strategic goals on the basisThe supermarket industry has become fairly saturated in the UK and at present Sainsburys is eyeing to expand itself in the International market but it will be a while before it actually does.The Travel industry is a growing market and has a huge potential of growth.The new product will proceeds the company earn huge profitability margins which are becoming potent to achieve I the supermarket industry.The Sainsburys has a huge loyal customer base which will be utilized for promotions and marketing purpose.The project has a high probability of success given a lot of a fresh new product offered by a supermarket chain.Market DemographicsAlthough year 2009 has seen the worst recession since 1930, there are definite signs that the calendar method of birth control is now turning.Travel industry has suffered consequences of economic crush but the consumer assurance is indicating escalating progress.UNWTO is expecting a reasona ble growth of 5% in 2010.There was an upward trend during the support quarter of 2009 which showed 2% upswing.The development is further strengthen by the Air Transport Data from IATA, which shows passenger traffic strength since September 2009Asia is pass judgment to show the greatest recovery being little effected by the economic crush (comparatively). Growth is also expected to resume in America and Europe.A large number of countries around the world have shown positive growth in the first two months of 2010.Overall the total of rubists arrivals during the first two months of 2010 was 119 million showing 7% improvement as compared to 2009SWOTThe SWOT analysis summarizes the vital strengths and weaknesses of the company. This SWOT analyses the new product line and reviews the opportunities and threats which Sainsburys may faceStrengthsImage speciality with respect to Brand nameThe customer to employee ratio is lowStaff is highly trained and customer focusedLoyal customer ba seAn interesting, diverse and new product offered by a trusted service providerEstablished network of outletsWeaknessesDifficulties related to finding employees with required skills and sidePresenting the customers with interesting offers on continuous basisLack of experience in the new industryBusiness limited to UK onlyOpportunitiesrapidly growing market all over the worldGrowing number of people with increasing need and desire for holidaysThe existingUtilizing the existing Nectar database for identifying potential customersThreatsLingering effects of the slump in economyNatural misadventure such as he recent Icelandic volcanoes eruption exceedingly private-enterprise(a) industryKey to successSainsbury has always aimed to be the consumers first choice for food, delivering quality products with great service at a competitive cost.The company is striving to achieve the objective of leading margins with diverse market and delivering strong profits every year.The new product will benefit the company earn huge profitability margins which are becoming hard to achieve in the supermarket industry.Critical IssuesWhat can go wrong?The Sainsburys already has an established huge no. of loyal customers who would be happy to have an option o a different kind of service offered from their trust worthy service provider. The expectation for a stable turnover is based on the fact that it is an established name offering a new product on the basis of its goodwill.How likely it is to happen?The expected growth can be effected by increasing inflation rates.The Travel assiduity faced a huge blow after 9-11 incident.What are the consequences?Any unforeseen incident like this (God forbid) will have long lasting effects on the companys growth, profitability and future blowups and plans.Competitive return Nectar Loyalty Card DatabaseThe database can provide an excellent competitive advantage becauseIt will help the management to design the product, offerings, and travel and to ur packages as per the preferences.The database can also be utilized to acquire association about customers such asNo. of family membersSpending habitsIncome estimatesPreferences with respect to food etc.Holiday routinesMarket Development StrategySainsburys could also opt for the Market Development strategy with offering its existing product of Supermarket and offering it to a new market by venturing into a growing international market such as China. China is the promising power in todays business world and its domestic market allows huge potential for international companies with promising growth.Sainsburys is the third largest supermarket name in UK after Tesco, which already has a huge presence outside the UK and Asda which is owned by the industry monster Wal-Mart. The immediate rivals have other sources /markets to benefit from other then UK. only when Sainsburys has so far only focused on the UK market and from last two decades its concentration has almost completely been oc cupied by gaining back the lost market shares from its competitors.For Sainsburys to venture into a new market, a PEST has to be made to know the market better and plan the strategy accordingly.PEST Analysis ChinaPolitical and LegalSince 2001, china has entered into WTO and its market is open or multinationals to trade in. In china, supermarket industry is not considered as a prestigious as some other industries so the presidency rules and regularities are not so tough. The government is favoring development in the supermarket industry. friendlyThe demographics of china show that population growth rate 0.629% (2008) in which the spring chicken from 0-14 years comprises of 20.1%. The Chinese customers have become more concerned about issues related to health and safety after the 2008 melamine contaminated milk issue. As per the current shopping trends in China, people prefer to buy in person (online buying is almost non-existent especially daily grocery). The families are very sma ll units on average maximum of 4-5 per unit in sub urban areas where as mostly population in the bigger cities is singly. Chinese prefer to buy on daily basis, fresh make believe as per days requirement.Technology and developmentChina is a Brobdingnagian country with underdeveloped infrastructure so there will be immediate warehouse setup requirements. Chinese households have a very low trend of keeping refrigerators at home so big weekly supplies trips will take time to adjust in the elaboration.environmental FactorsThe plastic bags have been recently stopped in china. The govt. is still toilsome to establish regular and long term procedures for recycling.All these factors will be required to be kept during the planning and project development phase for Sainsburys China.Furthermore we will perform a SWOT analysis for Sainsburys with respect to its entry in the Chinese market.StrengthsOver a century of supermarket and retail experienceAmbition for growthExperience from failed I nternational acquisitions as Egypt.Weaknesses heathenish differenceExpansion will be slow initiallyOpportunitiesA very large market sizeHuge potential of industry growthGovt. policies favor the IndustryExpansion opportunities in the rural/ western parts of ChinaChanging consumer awareness with respect to shopping habitsThreats boyish marketRivalry to increase immenselyWeak infrastructurefierce local staffIncreasing prices of raw materialsStrategic RecommendationsBased on the above analysis Sainsburys should consider a slow and steady expansion strategy in China for long term results and sustained presence. initially the stores should be opened in the urban and economically grown regions where customers will more readily adapt to change and new trend. Gradually then, on the basis of acquired knowledge, preferences, culture etc Sainsburys should venture into the suburban and rural areas. Sainsburys should use the critical factors involved in the success of the strategy such asIt shoul d strive to obtain consumers trust by offering good quality products at affordable prices. Health and safety measures should be the first priority so that no incident like the contaminated milk will occur.China is a big country and the company should fully utilize this factor for the locations o the stores.The locality factor should be given priority stratagem employing the Chinese as trust and ownership has a great value in Chinese culture.China is a growing country and its economic conditions will affect the pricing of the productsSainsburys should work on differentiating itself from the rivals from day one for developing long tem and healthy relationship with the consumers.Once Sainsburys makes its entry into China market, there is no looking back from the kind of growth and expansion opportunities it may provide.(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsburys )ConclusionDuring the last decade of 1990s and early 2000s saw Sainsburys going through a very testing time in its history. It l ost its no. 1 position to Tesco and then no. 2 to Asda. Time saw Sainsburys make some stern lack of judgments on behalf of management decisions related to adapting to the changing times, acquisitions and divestments. The management made a serious lack of assessment while deciding for bringing out the loyalty card scheme. The profit margins were affected as the companys marketing campaign failed to depict with the consumers.The mid 2000 saw Sainsburys coming out again to be a Supermarket force lead by Justin King. The new campaigns Making Sainsburys Great Again and the companys new slogan of Try Something New Today succeeded in reach the customers positively.Given the market saturation of the industry Sainsburys has been suggested two options for business expansion using Ansoff Growth Matrix tool.Product Development Sainsburys Travels and ToursMarket Development Sainsburys ChinaThe necessary SWOT and PEST analysis tools have been used to assess and measure the factor involved and could affect the growth suggested.The Travels and Tours Industry promises growth based on demographics provided by the WTO and the UK travel forecasts. The loyal customers of Sainsburys would be more the happy to have another product offered by their trustworthy service provider.Sainsburys China will provide an opportunity for immense growth of supermarket industry in a vast and massive population of China. Sainsburys should take a steady approach by starting from the urban areas and soft expanding in the remaining country while studying and adapting to the new culture and country.

Blood Pressure And Pulse Lab Physical Education Essay

origination printing press And shudder Lab visible Education EssayThe purpose of the origin impel and whim laboratory was to examination m both multivariates which could have an effect on farm animal compel and pulse. The variable examened in this lab was the, effectuate of Changes in Posture, the Effects of Exercise, and the Effects of Cognitive melody on Mean Arterial press and meaning Rate.Background line of reasoning is an essential itemor for all sustentation organisms. strain is an important fluid within our bodies which delivers group O, nutrients and essential substances, to cells doneout the corpse. Blood also has the function of transporting versatile wastes materials / products, such as carbon dioxide, from various soulfulnessify cells through the respiratory and excretory organs. The activities performed in the filiation pinch and pulse lab examined the graze at which blood die hards throughout the body, and which factors would all increase or lessen the blood wardrobe, being the squeeze of the blood within the circulatory clay, and pulse pull. Blood flow and blood bosom is gear upd by twain distinct factors. These factors are the force essential to concern the blood through the blood vessel and the amount of fortress of blood flow through the blood vessel. The average normal blood pull in a wakeless unmarried should be around 120/80 BP, but it is strivinged that the blood wedge should tarry a little pull down than this pressure. The forgiving and parasympathetic uneasy system plays an important role in blood pressure and plaza pose. The sympathetic nervous system through the Cardio acceleratory center increases knocker rate in fight or flight situations. While the parasympathetic nervous system engages the cardio inhibitory center to decrease the subject matter rate.The mechanical events of the cardiac cycle are the sequences of events which take place in order for the cheek to work by ri ghts. In the cardiac cycle in that respect are two distinct configurations. These two phases are the diastole phase and the systole phase. In the medical airfield the diastolic pressure and the systolic pressure are measured with the use of a stethoscope and Sphygmomanometer. The measure of pulse pressure refers to the residual between the systolic number (Top) and the diastolic number (Bottom). The normal blood pressure of a healthy individual is 120/80 BP in this instance, the pulse pressure would equal 40mmHg (120 80 = 40mmHg). Blood pressure is constantly fluctuating because of this doctors submit to take an average blood pressure to adequately check for any complications in their parents. The average blood pressure is called the think close to arterial pressure ( play). To begin to calculated the mean arterial pressure one essential first start by calculating the pulse pressure (PP). The neural impulse pressure plunder be calculated by taking the difference between t he systolic pressure (SP) and the diastolic pressure (DP) (PP = SP DP).Using the metre pressure the mean arterial pressure can be calculated. The mean arterial pressure is equal to a third of the pulse pressure summation the diastolic pressure (MAP = DP + (PP*1/3) ).The basic mechanical events of the cardiac cycle can be deduced into four phases. Phase one in the cardiac cycle is referred to as the First Diastole Phase. During the first diastole phase, the atria and heart heart ventricles within the heart are fully relaxed, as the auriculoventricular valves remain open. This allows De-oxygenated blood to flow to the regenerate atrium, from both the superior and inferior vena cavae. The rate in which blood flows back into the heart is given the term Venous glide by (De-oxygenated blood). The muscles incorporated in reckon require a lot of oxygen in order to perform their function, as a result there would be an increase in venous hand over. Blood within the regenerate atrium i s emptied into the right ventricle though the auriculoventricular or Tricuspid valve. At the end of diastole (the loading or filling phase), the amount of blood compile in the right or remaining is referred to as the end-diastolic volume (EDV).The jiffy phase of the cardiac cycle is referred to as the first systolic phase. During this phase the right ventricle receives incoming electrical signals from the purkinje fibers, which are the fibered branches which extend from the Atrioventricular bundle, in the intraventricular sulcus of the heart, and are dispersed from the apex of the heart. The purkinje fibers signal the ventricles to contract, which closes the Atrioventricular valves and forces the semilunar valves to open, pushing de-oxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries function is to check the flow of blood back into the right ventricle. All of the blood is neer fully ejected from the ventricles afterward systole. The amount of blood which remai ns in the ventricle at the end systole is known as end-systolic volume (ESV). The end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic booster to calculate the stroke volume (SV) which is the volume of blood ejected from one ventricle during each beat. The stroke volume can be calculated by taking the difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume, (SV = EDV ESV). The stroke volume can also be used to calculate the cardiac output, or the rate at which blood is ejected from the heart, (CO = HR x SV).In the second diastolic phase, the semilunar valves are closed and the Atrioventricular valves are opened, as a result oxygenated blood within the pulmonary veins and beings to fill within the remaining atrium. At the comparable time, blood from both vena cavae fills within the right atrium. The mitral valve closes preventing any oxygenated blood from flowing back within the leftover atrium. In the second systolic phase, Atrioventricular valves close and semilunar valves open. same to the first systolic phase, Purkinje fibers send messages to the ventricles signaling them to contract, in which oxygenated blood is wield into the aorta. The aortic semilunar valve prevents any oxygenated blood from wielding directly back into the left ventricle.HypothesisPosture ChangesReclining for 3 legal proceedingIt is evaluate that arterial pressure and pulse rate would most likely decrease when any(prenominal)one is resting the body is controlled by the parasympathetic system which uses the cardio inhibitory center to decrease heart rate. stand up up rapidly after reclining for 3 legal proceedingIt is anticipate that arterial pressure and pulse rate will increase, when the subject is in the stand up(a)(a) position versus when they are laying down their blood has to whip staidness and the heart has to work harder to produce the force necessary to push blood to the upper limbs.Standing at attention for 3 minutesIt is evaluate that arterial pressure will dec rease compare to standing(a) up right away after reclining for 3 minutes, because 3 minutes is a long enough period for the body to adjust to the effects of gravity and to assess the force involve to pump blood to the upper extremities. It is hypothesized that the standing at attention for 3 minutes data will be an intermediate between the reclining test and the standing up quickly after reclining test.ExerciseImmediately after exercisingit is evaluate that arterial pressure and pulse pressure will increase, because muscles involved in the exercise convey more oxygen which will increase the amount of venous return and increase the heart rate and pulse pressure.One, Two, and Three, minutes post exerciseIt is expected that arterial and pulse pressure will decrease compared to nimble testing after exercise. As the individual begins to rest after gruelling exercise the body begins to incorporate the parasympathetic nervous system and through the cardio inhibitor center, it begins to decrease the heart rate.Cognitive StressIt is expected that cognitive tautness will increase the blood pressure slightly, because stress is believed to trigger the sympathetic nervous to increase the heart rate.ProcedureFor Procedures, Refer to Lab 6, activeness 2, in the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manualselective information ResultsLab Activities Data TablesProper use of the Sphygmomanometer undetermined Brianna Burtonsystolic PressureDiastolic PressurePulse PressureMAPTrial 1one hundred tenmmHg70mmHg80mmHg83.33 mmHgWe were told by the teacher there was no need to perform a trial 2Effect of Postural ChangesSubject Same as aboveBlood PressurePulse RateMAPSitting Quietly (Baseline)110/70 mmHg80 bpm83.33 mmHgReclining (After 2-3 minutes)110/70 mmHg76 beats per minute83.33 mmHgImmediately Upon Standing118/78 mmHg92 BPM91.33 mmHgAfter Standing for 3 Minutes112/72 mmHg85 BPM85.33 mmHgExerciseSubject (Well- givened) Aaron Banks Fitness Index 50Subject (Poorly-Conditioned) Justin Ki m Fitness Index 44BaselineImmediately1 Minute2 Minutes3 Minutes4 minutes5 MinutesWell-Conditioned SubjectBP cxxx/80mmHgBP 132/80mmHgBP 128/70mmHgBP 120/78mmHgBP 110/68mmHgBP 110/72mmHgBP108/72mmHgHR 90 BPMHR 101 BPMHR 103 BPMHR cytosine BPMHR 98 BPMHR 98 BPMHR 87 BPMMAP 96.67 mmHgMAP 97.33 mmHgMAP 89.33 mmHgMAP 92 mmHgMAP86.67 mmHgMAP 84 mmHgMAP 84 mmHgPoorly-Conditioned SubjectBP 122/98 mmHgBP 128/90 mmHgBP 138/86 mmHgBP 120/82 mmHgBP 122/90 mmHgBP 122/90 mmHgBP118/96 mmHgHR 82 BPMHR 120 BPMHR 119 BPMHR 111 BPMHR 110 BPMHR 110 BPMHR 108 BPMMAP 106 mmHgMAP 102.67 mmHgMAP 103.33 mmHgMAP 94.67 mmHgMAP 106.67 mmHgMAP 100.67 mmHgMAP 103.33 mmHgCognitive StressorSubject NikaConditionMax HRMin HRMean HRSystolic BPDiastolic BPPulse PressureMAPBaseline 1100 BPM82 BPM89 BPM134 mmHg91 mmHg43 mmHg105.3 mmHgSpell Forward96 BPM83 BPM91 BPM108 mmHg88 mmHg20 mmHg94.7 mmHgSpell Back112 BPM84 BPM92 BPM111 mmHg89 mmHg29 mmHg96.3 mmHgNumber of misspelled rowing forward = 1Number of misspelled words backward = 3 passwordThe purpose of the blood pressure and pulse lab was to test many variables which could have an effect on blood pressure and pulse. The variables tested in this lab were the, Effects of Changes in Posture, the Effects of Exercise, and the Effects of Cognitive Stress on Mean Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate.In activities the variable being tested is the Effects of Changes in Posture. For the baseline the subject, in this shimmy Brianna, sat quietly as her baseline blood pressure, pulse rate, was tested, and her mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated. The results for Briannas blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg, which is about the average blood pressure (120/70 mmHg) in a healthy individual. Her Pulse pressure was 80 beats per minute (BPM). Given these value her baseline MAP, was calculated to be 83.33 mmHg (MAP = 70 + ((110 70))*1/3) ). In the abutting test, the effect of reclining for 2-3 minutes was tested. In this test, after reclining for 2-3 minutes, her b lood pressure, and MAP remained the same as the Baseline test. It was observed that her pulse rate did in fact decrease (80 76 BPM), though it is not known if this decrease in the pulse rate is significant enough. In the hypothesis above it was expected that arterial pressure and pulse rate would most likely decrease when someone is resting because parasympathetic nervous system would begin to signal the body to relax affecting the cardiac centers (CAC deactivated CIC activated). The activation of the cardio inhibitory center decreases the heart rate and pulse pressure.For the undermentioned test the Effect of standing quickly after 3 minutes of reclining was tested. Immediately after standing up, her Blood pressure, Pulse rate and MAP was determined. Her blood pressure was 118/78 mmHg, her Pulse Rate was 92 BPM and her MAP was 91.33 mmHg. The MAP was calculated by using the formula (91.33 mmHg = 78 + ((118-78))*1/3)). During this test Briannas Blood pressure, Pulse Rate and MAP s ignificantly increased, ((BP 110/70 118/78 mmHg) (PR 80 92 BPM) (MAP 83.33 91.33 mmHg) as expected in the hypothesis. In the hypothesis it was expected that arterial pressure and pulse rate would increase, when the subject is in the standing position versus when they are lying down. When Brianna quickly stood up her heart had to cover the effects of gravity the heart has to work harder to produce the force needed to effectively push blood to the upper limbs and the head. Also immediately standing activates the sympathetic nervous system, which activates the CAC increasing heart rate. This hypothesis is accepted, base on her data the blood pressure, pulse rate and MAP did in fact increase when she stood up.Next we tested the Effects after standing for 3 minutes. After standing for 3 minutes Briannas blood pressure was 112/72 mmHg and her pulse rate was 85 BPM. Given these values her MAP for this test was calculated to be 85.33 mmHg (MAP = 72 + (112-72)*1/3). In the hypothesis it is expected that the arterial pressure would have decreased compared to the standing up quickly after reclining for 3 minutes test. It was hypothesized that arterial pressure would decrease because 3 minutes is a long enough period from the body to properly adjust to the effects of gravity and to assess the force needed to pump blood to the upper extremities. As stated in the hypothesis the blood pressure, pulse rate and MAP did in fact decrease based on the standing for 3 minutes test, because of this, the hypothesis can be accepted (BP 110/70 112/72 mmHg) (PR 80 85)) (MAP 83.33 mmHg 85.33)In the next test, we tested the effects of exercise on the Body, comparing a well- knowing mortal and a poor-conditioned person. For the first test a well-conditioned person was chosen. The baseline BP for this individual was around 132/80 mmHg. Immediately after exercise the blood pressure was 132/80 mmHg. This shows that there was an increase of blood pressure dependent on the effects of e xercise. In the hypothesis it is expected that arterial pressure and pulse pressure will, increase, because muscles involved in the exercise also increase the venous return which will increase heart rate. For this test as hypothesized the Heart rate also increased (90 101 BPM). After 5 minutes of resting the blood pressure and Heart of the subject decreased lower than the baseline, indicating some level of human error in reading the equipment effectively. Despite this, it is instal that the blood pressure and pulse rate at 5 minutes was significantly lower from the baseline in the well-conditioned person vs. the poor conditioned person. In the poor conditioned person. Their baseline blood pressure was 122/98 mmHg and after exercising for 5 minutes it was 128/90 mmHg. After 5 minutes the poor conditioned persons blood pressure was 118/96 mmHg. once again in this experiment its hard to compare the two subjects because there seems to be some human errors in effectively checking the blood pressure since it is lower than the baseline. After 5 minutes the well-conditioned persons systolic pressure dropped from 128108 SP despite the diastolic pressure increasing from 70 72 mmHg DP. The fitness index to the well-conditioned person was 50 and 44 for the poor conditioned person. Based on the fitness index both subjects display the poorest physical conditioning possible.For the final test the effects of cognitive stress was tested. Based on this experiments results it is difficult to determine whether or not cognitive stress had any effect on the blood pressure. It was hypothesized that cognitive stress would increase heart rate because stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, which increases the heart rate. There seems to be no correlation between cognitive stress and heart rate, so the hypothesis is rejected.

Effect of Vermiwash on Crop Growth Performance

Effect of Vermiwash on Crop Growth Performance host MEMBERSIntroductionPanchagavya is an original formulation, which is prepargond out of unique combination of fivesome products of affright viz., cow milk, curd, ghee, urine and fresh dung at prehend quantities quiet from l figureating heifers. It is an ingrained plant liquid fertilizer. It is organic egressions that act as a stimulant for both types of plants, milk producing animals such as cow and goat. Panchagavya is overly a traditional method, used to safeguard plants and priming small-organisms and to increase plant production. Panchagavya application is launch to be more advantageous than recommended fertilizer application and chemic spray. The modified versions used for organic demesne fuddle been standardized by experimental trials. The market quest for organic produce gave further momentum to the organic movement, and eventually sporadic attempts have been made to detoxify the land, dispense with chemical f ertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides, and grow crops organically. There was no organic substitute for these chemicals, yet the cause of organic agriculture picked up momentum. The current global scenario firmly emphasizes the need to adopt eco-friendly agricultural practices for sustain fitted agriculture. Chemical agriculture has made an adverse impact on the health-c be of not only priming coat moreover also the undecomposed priming coat microbial communities and the plants cultivated in these lands. This eventually has lead to a high demand for organic produce by the present-day health conscious golf-club and sporadic attempts are being made by farmers all everywhere the world to detoxify the land by switching over to organic farming dispensing with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. Organic manure supervene upond chemical fertilizers, herbal extracts replaced pesticides and fungicides, but nothing was avail competent to replace growt h promoting hormones and ohmic resistance boosters for plants. The organic ashes was imperfect and continued to be incomplete for want of an input to replace growth- promoting hormones and immunity boosters, to maximize the efficiency of cultivated crops and coordinate the process trail to sustained higher productivity.Materials5 kg of cow dung3 cubic decimetres of cows urineI liter ghee3 liters cocoanut water supply2 liters milk2 liters curd3 kg molasses12 bananasPreparation MethodThe cow dung was weighted and divided into both which consist only 2.5 kg. After that, the cow urine also been metrical into 1.5 liters each. Later, the ghee was weighted to 500 ml.The ingredients was mixed in the 2 drum pair of tongs and leave at the shady area without covered for 3 eldAfter 3 days, the outrideed ingredient was added. The coconut water was measured into 1.5 ml each and mixed into 2 drum tongs.After that, 1 liter milk and curd was measured and added to each tongs. Later, 1.5 kg molasses was weighted and added. The molasses was a stand-in for sugar jakese juice.Last but not least, the 6 bananas were smashed and added into the tongs. all(prenominal) the ingredient was mixed thoroughly and carefully mixed for about 10 days.After 10 days, the panchagavya mixed had be diluted with water and can be sprayed to the plant. The diluted panchagavya was sprayed twice a day, in the morning and at evening.The dilution ratio 3 liters of panchagavya 97 liters water = 100 liters diluentsDiscussionBenefitsIncreases immunity of plants and other living organisms to fight diseases cures already infested plants and other living organismsStimulates growth of plants with more branchesSustains drought conditionsIncreases yield.Panchagavya for animal healthPanchagavya is a living elixir of many micro organisms, bacteria, fungi, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, k at presentn and unknown growth promoting factors micronutrients clue elements antioxid ant and immunity enhancing factors. When taken orally by animals and human beings, the living micro organisms in the Panchagavya stimulate the immune system and produce lot of antibodies against the ingested microorganisms. It acts interchangeable vaccine. This response of the body increases the immunity of animals and creation and thus helps to prevent affection and cures disease. It slows down the aging process and restores youthfulness. The other factors present in Panchagavya cleanse apetite, digestion and assimilation and elimination of toxins in the body. Constipation is totally cured. Thus the animals and humans become hale and healthy with shining hair and skin. The weight gains are impressive.Effect of PanchakavyaLeafPlants sprayed with Panchagavya invariably produce bigger leaves and develop blockheadedr canopy. The photosynthetic system is activated for enhanced biological efficiency, enabling synthesis of uttermost metabolites and photosynthesis.StemThe trunk produ ces side shoots, which are sturdy and capable of carrying level best fruits to maturity. Branching is comparatively high.RootsThe rooting is profuse and dense. Further they re chief(prenominal) fresh for a long time. The roots spread and grow into deeper bottoms were also observed. All such roots help maximum intake of nutrients and water. payoffThere will be yield depression under popular circumstances, when the land is reborn to organic farming from inorganic systems of culture. The key frisk of Panchagavya is its efficacy to restore the yield level of all crops when the land is converted from inorganic cultural system to organic culture from the very scratch line year. The harvest is advanced by 15 days in all the crops.It not only enhances the shelf life of vegetables, fruits and grains, but also improves the taste. By reducing or replacing costly chemical inputs, Panchagavya ensures higher increase and liberates the organic farmers from loan.Drought HardinessA thin oily remove is formed on the leaves and stems, thus reducing the evaporation of water. The deep and panoptic roots developed by the plants allow withstanding long dry periods. both(prenominal) the above factors contribute to reduce the irrigation water requirement by 30% and to ensure drought hardiness.Referenceshttp//indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijorjohvolume=9issue=4article=004 (referred on 25/5/2015)Manual, P. take for on Panchagavya. 137 (referred on 25/5/2015)http//www.sciencepub.net/American/am0602/07_1124_ makeup_am0602.pdf (referred on 25/5/2015)http//www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093352911.htmljsessionid=E59D6E1B15DE2A342D36EF7BA3EAED0B (referred on 25/5/2015)http//panchagavya.in/ (referred on 25/5/2015)VermiwashIntroductionVermiwas is a watery extract of compost, put in after water had catch up withed down through several bottoms of waste in a barrel or container and also through a tower of worm action which is very useful to crop producers. Furthermore, it is act ually a collection of earthworms mucus secreation, excretory products together with micronutrients from the soil organic molecules. Physical characteristics of vermiwash is that it will appear as clear, transparent, pale yellow facile provided it was collected properly. Sometimes it will turn to be honey-brown food coloring which is also greenly used in the agriculture field. Earthworms are the main agent that helps fasten the process of decomposting and reduce the period for the vermiwash to be ready. primary(prenominal) reason on why earthworms are being used is ascribable to the coelomic fluid in their body which helps keeping the body wet and are always secreted by their body. Vermiwash originally derives from the coelomic fluid which was released by the earthworm and Coelomicites, Granulocites and Limphoidocites cells were found to be present in the coelomic fluid. Advantages of having those 3 cells are that it facilitates wound better in earthworms and provide immune pow er to them. They are found to be protected from diseases caused pathogen due to the failure of pathogens in surviving in that fluid. Having added earthworms in the vermiwash helps decomposing organic matter and turning nutrients into a form available to plants. Earthworms feed on decaying plant and soil where they digest it and excrete it. Liquid consisting of nutriets such as calcium, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus are the excretion matter by the earthworms. this liquid makes up vermiwash hence helping plant to be able to absorb it.ObjectiveTo contemplate the effect of applying vermiwash on the growth writ of execution of the crop.Material and apparatusBarrel 100LBroken bricksThick sandEarthwormsCowdung + soil + hayCow urineSprinklerTap waterFilter paper/ muslin clothProcedureA barrel that can withhold 10 to 100 litres of liquid that comes intact with an outlet for the collection of vermiwash was active. In the barrel, distinguishable social classs were placed from the bo ttom till the top .The premier most layer which was placed at the base of the barrel was the washed and broken pieces of bricks which was prepared as a layer of 25 perccent duration.After that, a layer of 25 percent of washed thick sand was added on the first layer.The third layer would be the cowdung soil and hay layer which were added on the thick sand layer.Next, tap water was used to spray on the layer bed and the wash off water will pass through the outlet of the barrel.The 5th procedure was then continued for somewhat 2 to 3 days so that more wastes were washed out.Then, a species of earthworms were introduced into the side soil layer of 40-50 sq. ft and 10 percent layer of cowdung was added before the barrel was closed or covered victimization gain vigor paper or muslin cloth.The sprayed water from above that had passed through perforated grind to a halt or metal pot with the capacity of 5 litre was collected from the bottom of the barrel.Finally, the vermiwash was ready to be used where it is suggested to use both as it is or by diluting it with water or 10 percent cows urine.DiscussionPhysic-chemical characteristicsAfter the success production of vermiwash, the physic-chemical characteristics of the vermiwash can be measured. It is better to measure because it can determine or proves that the vermiwash that had been prepared manually have the correct range of physic-chemical characteristics. The first characteristics is the pH where it is normally somewhat pH 6.9. the dissolved oxygen instruction would be 1.14 ppm whereas its alkalinity is around 70.00 ppm. another(prenominal) than that, vermiwash have 110.00 ppm levels for chloride and 177.00 ppm for sulfates content. Besides that, it had been recorded in previous study that the reading for inorganic phosphate was around 50.9 mg/l ahile its ammonical nitrogen was around 2.00 ppm. Furthermore, it had 69.00 level for potassium and 122.00 ppm for sodium content in the vermiwash.Application of V ermiwashThe common practice to apply vermiwash can be either by displace it onto the soil at the base of the plant or it can be sprayed at the leaves of the plant. It had been said that by spraying it onto the leaves, the epidermis of the leaves will be strengther or stronger thus decreasing the level of damage that had been caused by aphids and go in fungal spores. In large farms that had been practicing irrigation method as part of their water management for the crop, they can apply vermiwash using irrigation method for example in the drip system.Effect Of Vermiwash On The Quality and Yield Of CropsAccording to a recent findings, antibacterial properties can be found in the coelomic fluid produced by the earthworm body. previous studies had shown that the quality and quantity of yield had improve remarkablely after vermiwash was sprayed on the vegetables. Furthermore, even the foliage of the crop turned dense green in 2 to 3 days. Karuna et al. (1999) had studied on twain diff erent c at one timentrations of vermiwash of Eudrilus eugeniae which was sprayed on anthuriums to study its effect. Findings of the study showed that the most effective circumstances of vermiwash to be used was 50 percent which is good in generate vegetative growth such as number of suckers, length, breadth of leaves, length of petiole and develop early flowering in plants. Next study do by Balam (2002) on biopesticidal properties of vermiwash produced using cowdung and vegetable wastes by inoculate earthworm species (E. foetida) in the laboratory also to determine the effect of using the vermiwash on cowpea for vcast disease. Findings from the study showed that usage of 20 percent to 30 percent of vermiwash will cause the inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogenic political campaign fungi. Vermicompost and vermiwash were proven to be able to control disease powdery mildew at 75.14 % rate when applied. On the other hand, another effective intercession was combining vermicompo st, vermiwash and 10 % cow urine which said to be able to control disease at 73.37 % rate.ConclusionAs a conclusion, on that point are many things found around us that can be turned into something useful for us humans. Daily, human produces many waste either at home, farm production and other activities. All those waste which were once simply being thrown away in the river, on blank land, and other places on earth that ends up polluting the environment can now be make use of. Methods had been discovered on how and what to be done with those waste that can benefits us all either by suppling nutrients to the soil or crop which is environmental friendly, made without a single wounding chemical, nutritious and more importantly, cheap to be produced compared by using the chemical fertilizer, pesticide, fungicide and others. The usage of worms which was known to be useful in the humiliation of stuff helps in vermicomposting thus vermiwash. Proves can be found in journals and books don e by researches that approves the usage of vermiwash which was said to be more beneficial towards producers, crops, soil and not to forget mother nature.ReferrencesThe Complete Technology accommodate on Vermiculture and Vermicompost By NPCS Board of Consultants Engineers. (referred on 26/5/2015) schoolbook Book Of Applied Zoology By P.V. Jabde. (referred on 26/5/2015)The Complete Technology Book on Vermiculture and Vermicompost By Niir Board. (referred on 26/5/2015)Verms Vermitechnology By Arvind Kumar. (referred on 26/5/2015)

War and Grief in Faulkner’s Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished :: Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essays

War and Grief in Faulkners Sh altogether non return and The UnvanquishedIt is inevitable when dealing regularly with a compositors case as brutal as war, that death will occur. Death brings ruefulness for the victims loved ones, which William Faulkner depicts accurately and fairly in many a(prenominal) of his works, including the short story Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished. While the works resist because of the time (The Unvanquished deals with the Civil War while Shall Not Perish takes place during World War II) and the loved ones grieving (The Unvanquished shows the wo of a lover and Shall Not Perish shows the grief of families), the imposition they all feel is the same. When we first meet Cousin Drusilla, her fiance Gavin has already died at battle. Some Southern ladies may have handled their grief passively, retreating to their beds to sleep their pain away. However, Drusilla takes a different approach. She becomes a part of the war, actively saving her dollar bill when the Yankees burn her family home and eventually joining her uncles cavalry. Drusilla refuses to passively grieve she becomes a part of the war for which her lover felt so potently that he was willing to die. In doing so, however, she becomes detached from the Southern life the work force are trying to preserve. She thinks Gavins death has opened her eyes to a new world and that the old world in which they lived was pointless. Living use to be dull, you see. Stupid. You lived in the same house your father was born in and your fathers sons and daughters had the sons and daughters of the same negro slaves to nurse and coddle, and then you grew up and you fell in love with your acceptable young man and in time you would marry him, in your mothers wedding raiment perhaps and with the same silver for presents she had receivedStupid, you see (100-101). However, Drusillaeven though she may not be willing to admit it, even to herselfhad eer wanted that kind of life. She easily fell in love with Gavin, and formerly he was gone, she decided to give up her dreams of that kind of lifeshe wasnt going to wait for the war to end so she could start the beat of finding an acceptable young man again. Drusilla was going to take Gavins spot in the war, out of love and grief and loyalty.

Nanotechnology: Immortality Or Total Annihilation? :: essays research papers

      engineering attainment has evolved from ideals once seen as unbelievable to common everyday instruments. Computers that commitd to come to an entire room ar now the size of notebooks. The human endure has always pushed for technological advances operative at the most efficient level, perhaps, the molecular(a) level. The developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology pee-pee spawned a new form of technology Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology could give the human public life eternal life, or it could cause total annihilation.     The idea of nanotech was conceived by a man named K. Eric Drexler (Stix 94), which he defines as "Technology based on the consumption of individual shares and molecules to build structures to complex atomic specifications (Drexler, "Engines" 288)." The technology which Drexler speaks of will be undoubtedly belittled, in fact, nano- structures will only measure 100 nanometers, or a billionth of a meter (Stix 94).     Being as small as they are, nanostructures require fine particles that can only be seen with the STM, or Scanning Tunneling Microscope (Dowie 4). Moreover the STM allows the scientists to not only see things at the molecular level, but it can pick up and move atoms as well (Port 128). Unfortunately the one device that is giving nanoscientists something to work with is in like manner one of the many obstacles restricting the development of nanotech. The STM has been regarded as too big to ever produce nanotech structures (Port 128). Other scientists have stated that the purpose of atoms, which nanotech relies on, ignores atomic reality. Atoms simply dont fit together in ways which nanotech intends to use them (Garfinkel 105). The problems plaguing the progress of nanotech has raised many questions among the scientific community concerning its validity. The moving of atoms, the conclave of information, th e restrictions of the STM, all restrict nanotech progress. And until these questions are reactioned, nanotech is regarded as silly (Stix 98).     But the nanotech optimists are still out there. They contend that the progress made by a team at IBM who was able to write letters and draw pictures atom by atom actually began the birth of nanotech (Darling 49). These same people answer the scientific questions by replying that a breakthrough is not needed, rather the science gained must be applied (DuCharme 33). In fact, Drexler argues that the machines exist, trends are simply working on building better ones ("Unbounding" 24). Drexler continues by stating that the machines he spoke most in "Engines of Creation" published in 1986 should be

Katherine Sheppard Essays -- Katherine Sheppard

A nifty woman has gone whose name give remain an inspiration to the daughters of impertinent Zealand, while our history endures. This quote was use up at the funeral for Katherine Sheppard. The political advancement of women in New Zealand was brought about by a handful of courageous women, particularly Kate Sheppard. Kate Sheppard was born on frame 10, 1847 in Liverpool, England. Her full name was Katherine Wilson Sheppard, but she preferred the name Kate. after her fathers death in 1862 when Kate was only 15, Kates mother, took her and her two older brothers over to New Zealand, in 1868 and settled in Christchurch. Then in 1871, Sheppard got married to a merchant named Walter Allen Sheppard. Together they had one son, named Douglas who was born in 1880. She was an active extremity in her church and was very religious. Later in her life she became a big leader in the fight for Womens compensates. Three heroic traits that a hero should possess are being a leader, strong, and d evoted. Leadership cleverness because lacking this skill will keep the great unwashed from knowing what is evaluate for them to accomplish. Strong will power would allow the hero to get things done. And at last the hero needs to be devoted to their cause, while having the mindset of non giving up until something is accomplished. Katherine Sheppard portrays great leadership, a strong will for whats right, and a devoted mindset all of which signifies that she deserves the title of a hero. Telling people to accomplish something without a purport is one thing, but being capable to lead a vast amount of people with a purpose to succeed their goal is a whole other story. Katherine Sheppard has proven that with great leadership skills, she was able to band together many organizations and peo... ...and. Kate should always remembered not only for her work to bring change to New Zealand women by gaining the right to vote, but for her pride of being a woman, at a clock where being a wom an was seen as a weakness, which is inspiring to me. exploit CitedKate Sheppard, 1847-1934. Kate Sheppard 1847-1931. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.Lightner, Barb. Kate Sheppard. Kate Sheppard (2009) 1. Biography filename extension Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2012.Sheppard, Katherine Wilson. - Biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012.Sheppard, Kate. Britannica Biographies (2012) 1. Biography Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2012.Sheppard, Kate (1847-1934). Dictionary of Women Worldwide 25,000 Women Through the Ages. Ed. Anne Commire and Deborah Klezmer. Vol. 2. Detroit Yorkin Publications, 2007. 1713. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 Dec. 2012