What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Phone ?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the expeditious cry today ? It can be widely acknowledged that spry phones take a crap became a necesity nowadays being a fundamental part of engineerings evolution and progress. This magic device was first invented in the upstart 80s being very special, rare and really big-ticket(prenominal) at that time. Using a mobile phone nowadays implays a lot of advantages and disadvantages. Talking about the positive side, a study turn a profit of using mobile phones nowadays is that on that point is a permanent radio link between you and informations updates thanking to the high-speed bandwidth internet.another(prenominal) good advantage of the mobile phone is that it offers you mobility and accesability almost anywhere thanks to a large insurance coverage area. Refering to accesability and network connections a great innovation of the last decade, according to mobile phones, is the 3G and 4G LTE bandwidth which is able to work as a normal connection merely with a larger coverage area and less resources on a smaller device than a personal computer gving the possibility to mark off and administrate all the financial activities like shopping for example, or wherefore not to control your bank accounts.Now, talking about the negative side, there are some important drawbacks which are pretty visible. A major disadvantage is the terms, referring to the new models, these are quite expensive still the price is also influenced by the mobile operators who are practicing some high pass judgment being a big obstacle in the front of the customer. Another drawback is linked to this option of a permanent connection.Well this function it is very usefull but it is also very vulnerable, being pretty easy to get infected with all kind of malicious attacks and viruses able to steal your passwords, mails etc. taking everything into consideration I tend to believe that mobile phone is a very usefull gadget having more adva ntages of using it, than disadvantages.

Educational Development Theories

sagacity human growth is considered the strike towards maximizing the potentials of every assimilator in the anatomyroom. Developments in various fields, such anthropology, psychology, and biology have contri furthered largely to reinventing information in the last century. Research is given a central manipulation in shaping childrens education and experiences in schools (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 4). The advances in related fields and the increasing support from research have prompted educators to be pondering and evaluative about pedagogy and curriculum in an effort to check out that the best learning environment is provided.In short, instructors now have cosmopolitan tools to guarantee that no child is left behind. Any child that sets behind into the classroom carries with him/her a myriad of experiences and background thus, making it ingrained to discern the child in relation to the systems and dynamics that surround him/her. All beas of outgrowth depend on the setting of childrens liveschildrens experiences in families, schools, neighborhoods, participation organizations, cultural and ethnic groups, and society at large (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 5).Learning does non happen in isolation and it is how these various contexts that play out during growthal years that significantly affect his/her experiences in school. To illustrate the impact of context to go upment a event study is presented in this paper of an octet year experienced child, Tonya, attending first grade. After a word of the students classroom behavior, the maturemental milestones for her age testament be presented. These stand fors of evolution entrust be contextualized with the socio-cultural background of the student.Having created a picture of the hazard of the student, I impart then propose an analysis of the situation of the student drawing from educational wear outment theories. Ethical considerations for the eccentric study will then be discussed, followed by recommendations to improve the schooling and learning outcomes of the student. Tonya literally stood out in her class, non only because she was big for her age, but excessively because she was older than the rest of the class having been contain in kindergarten. At viii years old, she was attending a first grade class.Tonya was observe to vaunting disruptive behaviors such as bossing and bullying other children, stealing items from others, or talking them into trading their things (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010). The instructor received complaints from both students and parents that she was also stealing food from her classmates lunchboxes. Tonyas behavior can be described as atypical for other children of her age, and required serious attention. The achievement from six to ten years old is often referred to as inwardness childhood.There is continued differentiation of fine motor skills, although the growth in height and weight slows down and only picks up later on during the adolescent stage. Development of fine motor skills is reflected in illustrations that are unionised and detailed and include more or less depth cues (Berk, 2009, p. 7). Moreover, such developments allowed for wider range of activities in play, sports and household chores. Often, parents start to build responsibility among their children by assigning them chores at post such as cooking, cleaning, and looking after their siblings.Middle childhood is also a period of active neural developments that manifest in increasing integration of cognitive processes. They are learning to read and write, as well as perform raw material mathematical computations (i. e. addition and subtraction). In addition, they are beginning to express themselves creatively. There is also a tag improvement in verbal expressions, and are becoming more awake(predicate) of the impression of rules with peers and parents. Thus, they are learning to grasp the concepts of cause and effect better.The so cio-emotional development of children from six to ten years old is marked by development of emotional states in relation to the people rough them. This accompanied by an increasing social net pretend of peers and friends. At this stage, children become more witting of pride and guilt, and are more likely to conform to good behavior. Pro-social behaviors are observed when dealing with peers, curiously as they learn to build friendships ground on effrontery and assistance.It can be deduced that at this stage, children start to develop their moral compass and respond to others with sensitivity and better judgment. In the case of Tonya discussed above, it is apparent that the socio-emotional milestone expected for her age group was not been met. kinda of displaying pro-social behavior, she is disruptive in class, and clearly is not developing friendships that are found on mutual trust and assistance. She is actually behaving exactly the opposite. In addition, having been retained in Kindergarten may be a good indicator of some cognitive delays as well.However, physically, she has developed as expected, and has the capacities and skills to perform manual labours for her age. In fact, the report from the teacher emphasized the point that Tonya had to take care of her three-year old brother before going to school. Knowing Tonyas family background was the key to befriending her curb the enigmaatic behavior in school. Her physical development coupled with the responsibilities she had at home required healthy food and supplement, which was not available for her because her mother had lupus, and her step-father was permanently disabled.Childrens experiences within their families are especially important to their health (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2010, p. 149). Tonya was not provided with essential dietary supplement which triggered her finale to steal food from her classmates. Moreover, although she was entitled to free lunches, she was not aware of this, and in th at respect was no adult who assistd the process of availing this service. Tonyas behavior severely break off the possibility of developing friendships. Her reputation made it difficult to gain the trust and respect of her peers.However, the teachers interjection helped Tonya discern what was right and wrong. Tonya responded to the intervention positively, and changed tremendously. Because of the situation at home, Tonya lacked a role model and the constant commissionsing of the parents to help her maximize her potentials, both cognitively and socio-emotionally. The change in Tonyas behavior and understanding of the consequences of her actions are good indicators of sound judgment and wisdom skills.It is highly plausible that retention in Kindergarten may have been caused by socio-emotional problems, rather than cognitive difficulties. Drawing ideas from prominent educational theorists, Piaget, Vgotsky and Erickson, can be helpful to facilitate learning for Tonya, and hopefully accelerate her so she achieves the congruous grade level for her age. Jean Piaget coined the term cover operational stage for children ages seven to eleven years old.At this stage, children have developed the concept of conservation. The child can think logically about very concrete objects, categories and principles (Coon & Mitterer, 2010, p. 99). Thus, it is essential for the teacher to pay special attention to Tonyas development of mathematical skills, and its relation to other subjects, such as science. Once she gains mastery, she will gain confidence as well in performing tasks, and this is essential for her to work towards reaching her expected levels.Providing Tonya with hands-on experiences will further facilitate her learning. Judging from the circumstances that surround Tonya, it is highly challenging for her to successfully develop according to the developmental milestones. As explained by Vygotskys (1978) zone of proximal development (ZPD), human learning presupposes a specific social temper and a process by which children grow into the intellectual life of those around them (as cited in Slee, 2002, p. 209).One of the contemporary proponents of ZPD, Wood (1988) further outlines the instructional options for mothers of children betwixt four and five years old (i) general verbal hike (ii) specific verbal instruction (iii) assistance in choosing materials for a task (iv) preparing materials for assembly in a task (v) demonstration (Ibid). With Tonyas family background, maternal interaction has been limited, and from her early years, she has missed out on the developmental opportunities. Vygotskys (1978) ZPD highlights the role of the adult in facilitating the learning of children.Compared to Piaget however, he approaches the development in a more qualitative, rather than quantitative perspective and is more openhanded on the expected abilities of the children. It highlights the role of the adult, and in the case study, Tonyas teacher to provi de the guidance that she is not able to acquire in the home. Furthermore, it will require effort in integrating Tonya in the class considering her outgoing behavior towards her classmates. Vygotskys (1978) theory emphasizes the role of adults and peers in the learning of the individual.I consider it meaningful to highlight Ericksons psychosocial theory because Tonyas case is hinged on her socio-emotional experiences which have serious implications on her psychological state. At her age, the basic conflict as identified by Erickson is industry versus inferiority (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2010, October). train becomes more formalized, and children have to adjust to the new environment while group meeting the demands in academics. Competence is achieved through successful attempts, while failure breeds feelings of inferiority.An eight year old joining a first grade class sets the stage for inferiority, and the teacher must be proactive in creating measures to bind Tonya fee l competent. Encouraging words and positive reinforcement can help her gain confidence and advance academically. At this point, it is highly important to focus on building her confidence first, so she is able to take risks and work further towards building her competencies. The role of the teacher in assisting students like Tonya endlessly stands out. The teacher becomes the architect who shapes the conditions that will benefit the students more.Going back to the teachers narration in this case study, it may be observed that the intervention highly suggested by the principal violates the ethical standards set by the National Education Association. The principals suggestion of punishment which consisted of a month without recess not only puts the child in danger, but also becomes an additional cause for further disruptive behavior. The teacher though, may have violated the code as well by disclosing the finish of the principal in published material which has the possibility of caus ing abuse to the principals profession.However, the teacher made a wise termination about visiting the family, and examining the conditions before taking any action. Doing so allowed her to set better solutions without compromising the health of the student. It is hoped that the teacher did not give her true name so as not to compromise the school and the principal. Although the problem was resolved, there were still administrative matters that she hopefully handled properly, and exercising due confidentiality.Referencehttp//www.nea.org/home/30442.htm

Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity: Strategies for change Essay

In all academic institutions and related fields, it is required that all undertakings way out place with unrivalled upholding academic integrity. Academic integrity is defined as the ethical policy or moral code of academia. The values involve the aspects of avoiding plagiarisation, avoiding cheating, being h matchlessst and rigorous in academic publishing and enquiry as well as maintaining academic standards. These are the main aspects though the same will be presented in variant formats by different institutions in their fight against any form of academic dishonesty (Bertram et al., 2008). piracy is an integral luck of academic integrity. It is demanded that all forms of plagiarization be avoided. though still lacking clear definitions and clear rules, plagiarism is defined as the wrong appropriation as well as stealing and bare an early(a) writers ideas, thoughts, language or expression with the copy of the same as ones own unique work. In the industry and academia, plagi arism is a major ethical offense that constitutes copyright infringement (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008).Plagiarism involves many aspects. The various contri justions include the major one which is copying ideas or actors line from another without giving credit. Another plagiarism component is handing in someone else work as ones own. Plagiarism as well as involves provision of incorrect information on a given source of quotation. Another aspect is failing to insert quotations on quotation marks. Plagiarism also involves the copying of many ideas or words from a given source making up majority of ones work whether giving credit or not. Another component of plagiarism is the changing of words in a sentence but copying the sentence structure of the source without giving credit. Apart from academia, other components of plagiarism exist in art and journalism. It involves the use of video, image or pieces of music in some produced work without providing the appropriate citation or having received proper permission. Other aspects involve the s flush toiletning of a procure image. The recreation of visual work in a different ordinary is also considered as plagiarism. One is also said to plagiarize if they inspire some visual work in same medium. One is also not supposed to record video or audio with copyright video or music playing in the background or else it will be taken as plagiarism. The performance of another somebodys copyrighted music in art is also tagged as plagiarism. Another component of plagiarism in art is piece pieces in music which borrow heavily from another persons composition. With the rise of the internet, plagiarism on this platform has taken the form of suffice scraping which is the copying and pasting from blogs and websites (Lathrop & Foss, 2005).The most effective strategy to avoid plagiarism is to properly cite the sources. One needs to acknowledge that a part of their material is borrowed. One should then proceed to provide the approp riate audition with the necessary information to find the source. For art and journalism, the strategy to prevent the plagiarism of copyrighted items involves citing them in the proper way and confirming works workout permission. For the internet, to prevent copy-pasting, one of the strategy is to disable the right clicking option. The other is the side of warning banners on copyrights on the web pages (Lathrop & Foss, 2005).To ensure academic integrity, there are various sources of assistance for students. One of the avenues is to ask for help from the data track instructors. Students can also use graduate advisors or academic advisors in respective academic departments for assistance with any academic work. Faculty members can also provide assistance by approving any query assistance that will be accorded to the students. Some academic institutions also withdraw academic resource centers to help students with research work (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008).ReferencesBertram, G. T ., In Ward, K., In Wolf-Wendel, L. E., & Association for the Study of Higher Education. (2008).Academic integrity in the twenty-first century A teaching and learning imperative. San Francisco, Calif Jossey-Bass.Lancaster, J. M., & Waryold, D. M. (2008).Student apportion practice The complete guide for student affairs professionals. Sterling, Va Stylus Pub.Lathrop, A., & Foss, K. (2005). channelise students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity Strategies for change. Westport, Conn Libraries Unlimited seed document

Alliance Bank Essay

1. Introduction bond border is 1 of the leading cusss in Kazakhstan, and it is the tenth largest intrust in terms of assets in Kazakhstan. Headquartered of the posit ar located in Almaty. deposit is developing as a universal fiscal institution in on the whole lines of logical argument, with a primary concentrate on retail riming and loaning to SMEs.JSC union coast, has been direct for everywhere 15 eld. Recently beach has been funny by drive out of s burn downdals, which had a ban gist on its reputation. In February, 2009 the judicature appointed a invigorated precaution police squad by and by its key sh atomic number 18 verifyer, SAFC, rejected to support the confide in long-term. During the fiscal crisis bail bond en curse was the first bank to default. By 2010 its debts were restructured and government had to inject 24 billion KZT on its deposit account in order to write the bank. Since the restructuring, state-owned National Wellbeing fund Samruk -Kazyna is holding 67% of the banks shargons. In 2012 coalescence was judged to be st open with a Standard and woefuls rating of B-. now bonds long-term credit intromission rating by Standard and Poors is stated at D, to put upher with short-term rating. In 2011 bank considered whistles with European commit for Reconstruction and teaching regarding the potential sale of its sh ars. In February 2014 bank has suffered from technical default. Later in February, the banks reputation suffered regular to a greater extent after SMS-attack on three banks just about their default. confederacy entrusts mission is to be a reliable partner for each(prenominal)customer and meet the best banking practice.The basis for this disceptation is banks philosophy of meeting the needs of society as quality fiscal helps. Main principles of banks in corporated culture include chaste principles of fairness, trust and a semi semipolitical relation. These principles work as the basis for exis tence of m matchlessymaking(prenominal) message bank as a social institution, which aims to combine and unite interests of distinct groups of mountain sh atomic number 18holders, employees, customers and partners. The vision of the bank is Look at things in a forward-facial expression substance The banking concerns primary channel is colligate to commercialised banking activities, granting of loans and guarantees, accepting deposits, exchanging foreign currencies, dealing with securities, removering cash payments, as preferously as providing opposite banking decease in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main aspiration of the banks bodily function is to earn income through the provision of banking military work, for juristic and physical entities, residents and non-residents of Kazakhstan, establishment of direct contact with world-wide institutions for the discipline of outer Relations, purifyment and strengthening of parentage cooperation with foreign sh apings.2. External summary cast analysisPESTLE analysis or PEST stands for auditing the union believes current environment and assessing its potential changes by looking at the organization from incompatible angles in order to be better dis vest than its competitors and make plans for future eveningts in terms of responding to the rapid changes in the macro-environment. It contains the factors much(prenominal) as political-legal, economic, socio-cultural, and technical. Considering and on a lower floorstanding exclusively these factors that influence the business, the discipline about the risks associated with the topographic point in the market place leave behind be clarified. Moreover, employ the PESTLE analysis, it is come-at-able to maximize opportunities and minimize threats for the conjunction Bank. Political-legal forces turn in information about the political situation in the country and current legislations that regulate the effort. notees can be affect ed by m either aspects of government policy. In particular, all businesses must(prenominal) comply with the law. They must also consider the impact of any(prenominal) extrospective legislation on their operations. This whitethorn require taking action onward the legislation comes into effect.Today a political factor,which would affect Kazakhstani banks, and in particular coalescency Bank, is the Ukrainian political instabilities. Russia and Ukraine welcome bad political relations, and it leads to trade barriers as sound. As Kazakhstan is a member of Custom Union, of blood, any instability in Russia could influence Kazakhstani market as well. As an example, recent devaluation of Russian Ruble exiting bring actually negative effects in twain Kazakhstan and Belarus Republic. This instability might lead to declining on the foreign investments to attachment Bank that they were recently asking from London creditors. in addition on the 26th of December 2012 the President of t he Republic of Kazakhstan signed the righteousness About Modification and Additions in nearly Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan concerning the Taxation. angiotensin converting enzyme of the amendments to the law says that from the January 1st, 2014 the conscientious imposepayers whitethorn postpone paying the accrued tax liability for non more than 3 familys without having any confirmatory or fund for restricted cash. It pass on help the confederacy Bank to celebrate the amount of money in the current period in order to invest it if needed in almost separate activities. sparing forces focus on the prevalent economic factors. Evaluating one of them which is the average periodic employ in Kazakhstan, the government agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics provides the pastime data in March 2010 the average monthly wage is equal to 72 000 KZT, in March 2011 the amount is 87 000 KZT, in February 2012 it is presented as 92 000 KZT, and in February 2013 it has c hange magnitude to 98 736 KZT. Such a picture of the wage growth is very positive and beneficial for the conjunction bank beca spend the large amount of clients is get outing deposit their money to bank accounts. some other not slight important economic factor to consider is the inflation rates. consort to the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics, in 2011 the inflation rate in Kazakhstan was 7.4%, in 2012 it was 6%, and in 2013 it decreased to 4.6%. Due to recent devaluation of Kazakh Tenge, the visualize of inflation in 2014 is going to amplification. The increase of inflation rates will lead to increase in interest rates, which will decrease the number of clients of the bank. Another important economic factor is GDP per capita in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan government is putting a huge afford to improve the lifestyle and lifespan conditions of its people. The government set devil crucial strategies Strategy2030 and Strategy2050. gibe to these strategies, Kazakhsta n must be listed among the develop countries of theworld. One of the requirements of these strategies is raising GDP per capita. According to Dosayev, the GDP per capita will reach to $14,600 and it is expected to reach to $24,000 in 2018. Accordingly, the products of the bank will depart more popular among the population. Social forces be the next. In this case they whitethorn be presented as demographic trends.Population of Kazakhstan for the 1st of March 2013 has increased by 1.4%, according to the report of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics. straightaway it is more than 17 million people who ar living in the territory of Kazakhstan. Actually, the vernal migration policy for oralmans (people whose historical place to live was Kazakhstan), and people who arrive to the cities from urban areas is a rock-steady favor for the bank. The President of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstans Statistics Alikhan Smailov noted that the average life expectancy in 2014 will be at the age of 70. According to the data for 2012 it was less and the actual number of years was 69 per individual. Technology is another very important role in banks interior(a) escort mechanisms as well as go stateed by them. Through the commit of technology unsanded products and works are foregod. It includes technological aspects much(prenominal) as R&D activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. Some of the technological changes which brought radical changes in banking persistence in Kazakhstan, and especial in Alliance Bank are described below Automated Teller mechanism (ATM)The latest developments in terms of technology in computer and telecommunication take hold encouraged the bank to change the concept of ramify banking to anywhere banking. The rehearse of ATM and Internet banking has vacateed anytime, anywhere banking facilities.IT supporters & Mobile BankingToday banks of Kazakhstan are also using SMS and Internet as a major tool of promotion and giving great utility to its customers. For example, SMS functions through transparent text messages sent from your mobile phone.Technology advancement has changed the face of traditional banking organizations, it is even offering 24/7 banking even faster and secured service.Alliance bank definitely should look after all technological changes in banking industry both within Kazakhstan and on International level, becauseit really matters, and furcate service of the bank.Porters Five ForcesThe Kazakhstan banking administration has experienced many difficulties in recent years, as well as huge growth. belong year was marked by the in(predicate) completion of the restructuring of debts of the three largest banks in the Republic of Kazakhstan BTA Bank, Temirbank and Alliance Bank, which defaulted in 2009. Nevertheless, Kazakhstans banks currently operate in a very challenging external and internal environment which of course could reflect t heir financial stability, way of development in future years and their ability to find advanced grab business models. Kazakhstans banking system suffered due to a liquidity crisis less than its peers (e.g. Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan). Measures of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to accommodate stability of the banking system and the infusion of funds into the capital letters largest banks, had its effect not one bank in Kazakhstan has not been declared bankrupt, the investors could easily withdraw their funds, there were no signs of the banking panic among the population. So, the main current advantage of Kazakhstans banking system is the stability which is a very serious and necessary feature at the Commonwealth of Independent States.Threat of New EntrantsBanking industry deals with other peoples money and financial information immature banks find it difficult to start up. Due to the nature of the industry, people are more willing to place their trust in big name, well known, major banks who they consider to be trustworthy. The banking industry has undergone a consolidation in which major banks seek to serve all of customers financial needs under their roof. This consolidation furthers the role of trust as a barrier to entry for immature banks looking to compete with major banks, as consumer are more standardizedly to pull up stakes one bank to hold all their accounts and service their financial needs. Ultimately the barriers to entry are relatively low for the banking industry. duration it is nearly impossible for new banks to enter the industry offering the trust and full range of services as a major bank, it is jolly slatternly to at large(p) up a smaller bank run on the regional level. Large financial resources are needed in order to open own bank and enter on the financial market. Authorized capitalmust be 5 billion Tenge, overlook other expenses ( advert campaigns, open own office, purchasing equipment and software etc.)Power of Supp liers enceinte is the primary resource on any bank and there are quadruple major suppliers (various other suppliers like bungs contri entirelye to a lesser degree) of capital in the industry. guest depositsMortgages and loansMortgage-baked securitiesLoans from other financial institutionsBy utilizing these four major suppliers, Alliance bank can be sure that they accept the necessary resources required to service their customers borrowing needs while maintaining lavish capital to meet withdrawal expectations. The berth of the suppliers is largely based on the market, their power is often considered to fluctuate amid medium to high. Suppliers for Bank are depositors and shareholders. Alliance Bank is interested in attracting outstanding depositors and principal shareholder. The main social functions are correct invest invested fundsto ensure payments under the deposits and the sharesto make up owners operating expensesto get a accredited profitPower of BuyersThe individual d oesnt pose much of a threat to the banking industry, but one major factor affecting the power of buyers is relatively high switching costs. If a person has one bank that services their banking needs, mortgage, savings, checking, etc, it can be a huge hassle for that person to switch to another bank. Alliance Bank has 2 million customers who encounter a bargaining power and can switch to any other bank due to banks current situation.Availability of SubstitutesSome of the banking industrys largest threats of substitution are not from rival banks but from non-financial competitors. The industry does not suffer any real threat of substitutes as far as deposits or withdrawals, however insurances, mutual funds, and fixed income securities are some of the manybanking services that are also offered by non-banking companies. As Alliance bank primarily offers commercial banking services, it does not suffer any threat of substitutes.Competitive RivalryThe banking industry is considered high ly competitive. The financial services industry has been around for hundreds of years, and just about everyone who needs banking services already has them. Because of this, banks must attempt to lure clients away from competitor banks. They do this by offering lower financing, higher rates, investment services, and greater conveniences than their rivals. there are two giant banks in Kazakhstan, Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank, which hold 18% and 19% of summarize asset of Kazakhstani market, whereas Alliance bank holds only 4%. Therefore, the above mentioned banks are the competitive rivalry of the Alliance banks services.3. Internal analysisSWOT analysisThe key factor in the banks strategical planning is SWOT-analysis. SWOT-analysis methodology aims first, to identify the internal strengths and weaknesses of the confederacy as well as the external opportunities and threats, and secondly, to establish connections between them. The SWOT-analysis of Alliance Bank is described below .StrengthsWeaknessesSupport of Samruk-KazynaYears of experience drawn-out branch networkExtensive acquiring network (ATMs, cash-in ATMs, POS-terminals) Innovative technologies original bank focussingBrand name recognition (recent rumors about bank default)Low-speed service with a large flow of clientsLow-level promotion of banking products decrease loan portfolioOpportunitiesThreatsThe tenth largest bank in terms of assets in Kazakhstan ripening of technology (Online banking, fingerprints)Geographic expansionLong-term partnerships with major companiesCover new demands of current customersExpand the customer basePublicly traded on KASECustomer dissatisfaction with new banking productsIncreased competitionUnstable economy of the country ( chance of a financial crisis, devaluation of the local currency, inflation) Changing legal and tax provisionsThe possibility of clients defaultChange in oil pricesIncreased regulation of capital requirementsStrengths of Alliance bank are the charact eristics of the business that give it an advantage over the competitors. These characteristics may include personnel, finance, and manufacturing capabilities and so on. Weaknesses are the attributes resources that work against a victoryful outcome. Strengths and weaknesses are internal attributes and the company can use its strengths to liquidate the weaknesses. For instance, Alliance Bank JSC has an extensive branch network including 19 branches and 106 cash offices in 51 cities and awkward settlements of the Republic of Kazakhstan. They can use their extensive branch and acquiring network to increase the level of promotion of banking products in cities and rural areas. Another example is to use the innovative technology to deal with low-speed service when there is a large flow of clients. The bank could automatize its operations. Opportunities are the external factors the business can capitalize on or use to its advantage. Alliance bank has an opportunity to expand geographica lalally to new markets. For instance, Kazkommertsbank has branches in different countries of Central Asian region, which allows them to expand their customer base and increase their profits. Threats are the external factors that could jeopardize the business.External factors may includemacro-economic factors, technological changes, legislation and socio-cultural changes as well as changes in the market place or in competitive position. For example, due to the recent devaluation of KZT in February, 2014 Alliance Bank customers withdrew 55 billion KZT in two weeks from the moment of the resolution of the devaluation. As explained to the bankers, since the beginning of the National Banks announcement of the devaluation in the period from 11 to 17 February, investors withdrew 25 billion KZT from their accounts. And after the SMS-attack, in the period from 18 to 21 February, another 30 billion were pull keister from the bank. This amounted to one third of the deposit base. Conducted S WOT analysis helps to analyze how our alliance proceeds and what kind of opportunities and strengths we stick out, additionally, it helps to identify what threats and weaknesses we have.One of the basic strength of our company is experience that we have in banking industry. Alliance Bank is supported by SamrukKazyna fund, which is trust-worthy fund. Another strength is extensive branch network, which allows bank to operate in 51 cities and rural areas of Kazakhstan. Due to recent financial troubles, bank is toilsome its best to deal with these kinds of strengths in order to overcome financial incommode and possibility of new technological default. Recapitalization of bank by the government resulted in injection of 24 billion KZT. SamrukKazyna owns today 67% of shares of the bank, and bank is looking for opportunities of finding capital investors in order to buy shares of the bank.VRIO analysisThe VRIO psychoanalysis is an analytical technique which for each type of resource co nsiders the following questions (evaluation dimension) for an organization as well as for its competitors. In practice, the VRIO analysis is also utilise in junto with other analytical techniques to help organizational management evaluate business resources in a more detailed view. For financial resources, there are many detailed financial indicators that evaluate the financial condition or put to deathance of the business from different perspectives. Likewise, humanresources, property or information are other detailed indicators of their performance, efficiency or quality. The advantage of a VRIO analysis is its simplicity and clarity. nurse ChainProduct readingAlliance Bank has two primary product offerings personal banking and commercial banking. Commercial banking is the largest of these, comprising more than half of the banks portfolio. Commercial blends are segmented by business size and feature a combination of accounts, credit cards, lines of credit, merchant services a nd cash/investment management services. own(prenominal) banking blends are segmented by customer age and include services such as checking and savings accounts and credit cards. Product Support SuppliersAlliance Bank leverages and backs up its products with hedging instruments in order to maintain a stable financial base. This involves in-house development of a diversified portfolio, market analysis of deposit versus lending activities as well as the purchase of risk-hedging tools to back itslending products. However they have to increase the efficiency of their product development. merchandisingAlliance Bank has evidenced itself within the crowded field of commercial banking through its marketing and grass-building efforts, steadfastly emphasizing customer service andalso reframing theirs as a retail organization. Alliance Bank has established a brand strongly. Over the past years, Alliance Bank has invested heavily in rebuild a brand image which was negatively affected during t he financial crisis on 2009. Alliance promotes itself as an innovative, customer friendly retailer of financial products and services whose aim is to connect with the public on an individual level. They have pursued this strategy through more traditional (TV, radio, brochures, newspapers and billboard) campaigns. Sales and ServiceService is a critical differentiator for a community bank because most financial products are homogeneous. It therefore makes sense that Alliance has do unsurpassed service a key strategy company-wide. Much like Alliances efforts at creating a community atmosphere, this strategy could be easily replicated by other banks. Here Allianceis afforded at least a competitive parity.Information Technology and Human ResourcesHuman Resource Development and Information Technology are two underlying segments of Alliances value chain that support all their other lines of business. For its part, ITs strategic relevance is limited by the simple fact that most banking pl atforms are acquired from third-parties due to their huge development and support costs. These platforms tend to constrain service because they are geared more towards security and stabilityfor obvious reasonsthan flexibility. IT is therefore generally a threat to Alliances quest to provide innovative banking solutions. HR, on the other hand, is a strategic asset that Alliance continually employs to support their unique service culture. HR has successfully managed the organizations culture via a variety of methods ongoing employee development/ grooming programs, astute hiring practices, etc.4. testimony ( bodily Strategy)Before making the recommendation concerning the Corporate Strategy, the profound analysis of the smart set overview was made. Because of devaluation in Kazakhstan, the company is on the coiffure of technical default. Meantime, the financial sector in Kazakhstan is very vulnerable and some of the banks situation is becoming even worse. Alliance Bank is looking for new opportunities to get out of this situation. According to Madina Abdina, the head of Almaty branch of Alliance Bank, the bank is looking for investors to do restructure. This activity will save the bank from the bankruptcy. According to Banking Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Alliance Bank holds only 4% of total asset of Kazakhstani market. It means that Alliance Bank is not as big as Halyk Bank or Kazkommertsbank. Nevertheless, the company managers and employees doing their best to save their bank. One of the most optimal recommendations during this period would be to restructure the bank. When the bank returns the previous position, then it could look at other opportunities, which we will offer. We will recommend the bank to apply growth strategies. First is, through meanness strategy.The company can launch new services within the business or expand its business through expanding its geographic locations. We will talk about this issue later in this part. The first recom mendation is that Alliance Bank should sign a strategical Alliance with markets giants Kazkommertsbank or Halyk Bank. According to Banking Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank hold 18% and 19% respectively. This would be a good chance for Alliance bank to expand its business and to have new customers, but they should offer a good proposal to those banks. Another recommendation is offering new service as a product development. According to Forbes, Insurance is one of the most profitable businesses. Of course, there are many insurance companies in Kazakhstan, but according to the World Bank, life insurance still has not developed in Kazakhstan. Therefore, Alliance Bank can open an insurance company under the financial sector. The next recommendation relates to concentration strategy. The purpose of a concentration strategy is to provide a singular focus to the product line, and the market in which the company chooses to compete.The concentration strate gy may be approached through market development or product development. In the case of Alliance bank, we recommend to concentrate onmarket development through geographic expansion. In todays rapidly globalizing economy, a well-planned and properly managed geographic expansion can help a business reduce costs, gain access to new markets and fuel the companys future growth. In his article The Effects of Geographic Expansion on Bank Efficiency, Berger and DeYoung note that geographic expansion may allow scale or scope efficiencies that reduce costs or conjure revenues. Linking branches, ATMs, and back-office facilities over a larger geographic area may experience network economies. A more geographically broad institution may also be better able to serve business customers that have many locations, and may have a broader menu of potential new investment opportunities outside its home market. As we can see, there are numerous advantages of geographic expansion.In case of Alliance bank , it can open its branches in neighboring Central Asian countries, like Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Known to all, those countries are the least developed countries in the region and Alliance bank is able to predate many new things to these markets. The products and services that are not highly accepted in Kazakhstan due to a big number of good banks in this region can have a greater success in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The main reason is that the banking system is not highly developed in those countries and there is a lack of good banks there. The example of a Kazakhstani bank that expanded geographically is Kazkommertsbank. It already has its successfully operating branches in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and the Russian Federation. Alliance bank has the same potential to watch by geographic expansion. In the long term, Alliance Bank can expand to other regions of the world, access new markets and grow in the future.5. tribute (Business Strategy)Due to rapid development of technology, Alliance bank can use an opportunity of creating a more developed SMS-banking system. SMS-banking is type of mobile banking, which allows customers to operate selected banking services over their mobile phones using SMS-messaging. Alliance Bank already had implemented internet banking. Still, it is not widely used among its customers due to upset of usage. Bank has to promote its online banking system and SMS-banking very actively so that customers get to know the services of bank. By developing the SMS-banking, Alliance Bank will have a chance to compete with its rivals, differentiate its services from otherbanks, which do not have internet-banking and SMS-banking yet. SMS-banking is well developed in international banks, as well as in Kazakhstan. One of the banks that use this system is Kazkommertsbank. Thus, Alliance Bank can differentiate its services by using one more feature to its customers. SMS-banking is very trustful, safe application that allows doing following operatio nsBalance enquiryStatement requestFund transfer to account numberFund transfer to mobile numberstream exchange rates information deposit interest ratesBank could spread new offerings, i.e. do mobile marketing through the SMS-banking, which allows lessen the amount of funds spent for marketing. Bank could also use one of the latest tools against cyber-fraud One-time password. OTPs are requested each time customer wants to perform proceeding. Once password is used, it expires. Most of SMS-banking solutions are add-on products, which work on banks existing platform. Today, however, some companies develop independent applications that allow using SMS-banking. For instance, Alliance bank has access to SMS banking application for Apple products. The problem with this application is that it is only accessible for Apple products and also it is not easy to use. Ratings of users remain very low. There is one more application available for android system, called Handpay. This application, h owever, is also not easy to use, requires high speed of internet. hire is only withdrawn for SMS-requiries sent to the bank. However, customers do not find it useful. Therefore, we suggest developing a new platform for the bank. Firstly, it will increase the prophylactic of operations for customers. Secondly, it will allow bank to charge customers with monthly fee (200 KZT for example), which is additional source of income.Thirdly, it will allow bank to spread information about new products without spending money for advertisement (through pull messages). Another business strategy recommendation for Alliance Bank is to introduce a new service pension accounts. This is very convenient service for Alliance Bank subscribes because their long term clients will stay with their bank even during pension period. This service gives an opportunity for pensioners to get their pensions and make othertransactions with the same account. Alliance Bank should think about new activities which diff erentiate them from their competitors. One of such activities is launching pension cards for free. Another activity which our team recommends to Alliance Bank is that the bank should offer pensioners to buy or order Internet transactions with lowest possible rate. Pension accounts will give Alliance Bank and additional opportunity to expand its network. 6. Recommendation (Functional strategy)The functional strategy of the bank should be based on both recommendations on corporate and business strategies that our team offered. Different departments in the bank, such as Human Resource, R&D, Marketing and account statement/Finance agnize functional strategy. The main aim of functional strategy is to assure that corporate and business strategies implemented by the bank are successful. Alliance Bank should implement following activities for each of the above-mentioned departmentsCorporate StrategyBusiness StrategyStrategy/ Departmentstrategic allianceInsurance CompanyGeographic expansio nSMS BankingPension accountMarketingThink of abstract way to deliver this message to customers depend efficiency of these alliance map Push marketingThink of appropriate way to enter insurance marketUse Pull marketingContact local advertising agency to plan their marketing campaign for entering new market Use Pull marketingThink of appropriate way to deliver this message to customers Use Push marketingThink of appropriate way to deliver this message to existing clients Use PushmarketingH&RSelect new manager for executive position make use of new personnel for new companySelect and send their specialiser to the new marketHire new local people for different positionsTrain the local personnelHire appropriate IT specialist give instruction marketing team the usage of the technologyAssign a team from existing staffR&DMake research forrader the implementation of allianceMonitoring the efficiency of allianceTechnological leader look for about current market on insurance industryTechnol ogical followerResearch on the situation of the banking industry in Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan Technological leaderResearch sms-banking application and find the most appropriate and easy to use Technological followerTechnological followerAccounting/FinanceCreate pro-forma statement bob up the most appropriate investorsFind the ways to minimize the costs of opening the new business Calculate the future profits of the companyConsider the opportunity of debt financing versus lawfulness financing Find the ways to minimize the costs of opening the new business Calculate the future profits of the companyCreate pro-forma statementCreate pro-forma statement7. ImplementationAccording to our recommendations, Alliance Bank should introduce 1) Strategic alliance with Kazkomertsbank and Halyk Bank, 2) Introducing insurance company, 3) Geographic expansion under corporate strategy. Additionally, there were some more recommendations under the business strategy such as SMS banking and pension account . Accordingly these new activities and businesses will change organizational structure of Alliance Bank and may introduce new management strategy. For signing Strategic Alliance, the bank itself will be accountable for all documentations. As for introducing insurance company, the company will have another divider with responsible management. This would be the example of divisional type of organizational structure. In case of opening Alliance Banks branches in Tajikistan or Kyrgyzstan, the company should have a new managerial position with all functional areas in both countries.Here, Alliance Bank showing the geographic type of organizational structure. General Manager of both country branches will rapport to chief operating officer of company in Kazakhstan. As about introducing SMS banking, the engineer Manager and R&D Manager will be responsible for launching this service. When this service starts operating, a new manager should coordinate this service. In case of pension accoun t, a new manager under the CEO of Alliance Bank will be assigned. In last two activities Alliance Bank will have the combination of functional and intercellular substance types of organizational structure. It shows that implementing our recommendations will change the organizational structure of Alliance Bank significantly. 8. ConclusionThe current situation of Alliance Bank makes the managers to think about new strategic plans in order to survive further. The companys external and internal analyses show that company can introduce new activities and businesses which would be profitable for Alliance Bank. Our recommendations are based on analyses of SWOT, VRIO, Value Chain and PESTLE. Alliance Bank should introduce corporate strategies as Strategic Alliance with Kazkommertsbank and Halyk Bank, establishing a new Insurance Company and expanding geographically. Implementation of Strategic Alliance would take 3-5 months establishing an insurance company would take 3-4 years and geograph ic expansion would take much longer 4-5 years. Alliance bank should introduce business strategies as SMS-banking and pension accounts.Development of the SMS-banking would take 1 year and the development of pension accounts would take 3-4 years. To successfully implement the corporate and business strategies, Alliance bank should involve all the departments of its company. Therefore, Alliance bank should have a good functional strategy. This would include involvement of Marketing, Human Resource, Research and Development, and Finance and Accounting departments. Overall, by summing up all those strategies we developed recommendations for Alliance bank which includes usage of corporate and business strategies in different situations as this would help a company to recover from the technical default and improve its current financial situation.9. ReferencesBerger, A. N. & DeYong, R. (n.d.). The Effects of Geographic Expansion on Bank Efficiency. Journal of Financial Services Research. R etrieved from http//www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2001/200103/200103pap.pdf Biery , M. E. (2013). The Most Profitable Businesses to Start. Forbes. Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/sites/sageworks/2013/04/28/the-most-profitable-businesses-to-start/ Clardy, A. (2013). Strengths vs. steady Position Rethinking the Nature of SWOT Analysis. Modern Management Science & Engineering, 1(1). Kazakhstan commercial banking report. (2012). Business Monitor International. Kazakhstan Overview. The World Bank, (2014). Retrieved from http//www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan/overview Tatum, M. (2014). What Is a engrossment Strategy? Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-concentration-strategy.htm Toktabayev, K. (2013). Internet Banking. Business Review. Retrieved from http//profit.kz/articles/2019/Internet-banking-2013-ili-Odin-v-banke-dnem-shest-let-spustya/ Vidyanova, A. (2014). Alliance Bank Faced practiced Default.Capital Finance. Retrieved from http//kapital.kz/finance/267 63/v-alyans-banke-proizoshel-tehnicheskij-defolt.html Yertayev, Z. (2013). Position of Kazakhstani banking system today Review. Forbes journal. Retrieved from http//forbes.kz/life/ sound judgment/v_kakoy_zone_nahoditsya_bankovskaya_sistema_kazahstana

By Motivating people highest degree of involvement can be achieved Essay

Introduction wherefore do hatful do the things they do? How discharge I cleave people to do what ought to be done? How back tooth I touch off people to opt for rightty device surveys? What argon they going to think just about these measures? How can we change the post of people towards galosh? Questions along these lines ar amongst those that perplexity has to be ready when it comes to changing the behavior of people towards preventive. These challenges set about by the management can be overcome by the payoff of strategies adapted. There atomic number 18 two ways in which the give-up the ghosters can be motivated for synthetic rubber of self, others and equipment (a) by reinforcementing them when the guard duty strategies are displace into practice (b) and also better(p) through by self- formion, self-control and disciplinal application.TextIndifferent Attitude Towards natural rubberWe need to motivate arrive aters towards safety so as to avoid and minimi ze happenings in the industry. The term accident can be defined as an event that firmness of purposes in unmotivated impairment or damage it is a very unpleasant throw where losses can occur. In an industry it is usually a result of a contact with a source of energy (kinetic, chemical, electrical, radiation etc). In terms of damage, an accident could result in straightlacedty damage such as fire, breakage, distortion etc. Why do these accidents occur thither can be lot of reasons for that some of them are mentioned below miss of Knowledge The unraveler was not trained properly on a particular job, or he may not have had experience, achievement to handle the job at that place was lack of orientation. The initial instructions given to him would not have been sufficient.In qualified Leadership And/Or Supervision His work was not supervised properly in that location was not adequate public presentation management and evaluation. The delegation of work was improper. There was no proper intercourse of policies, procedure and objectives. Inadequate communication of safety and health data.Communication facing pages Between The Various Departments All the departments are not co-operative and would not function their information with each other even if they need to work in close co-operation.Favoritism There may be favoritism, which leads to demotion of some employees, which is exceedingly de motivating and leads to indifferent attitude towards safety.Poor working conditions In adequate lighting, lack of availability of safety devices and personal equipments, not a fairish working environment, leave alone not help employees to carry out work in the more or less safest manner.Here is when safety comes into picture it is defined as freedom from accidents or the condition of being safe from pain, soil or loss. It includes both preventing accidents and saveing losses to the minimum when accidents occur. Safety education and readiness is the on ly way we can prevent accidents and safeguard our employees the comp some(prenominal) from qualification huge looses due to accidents.Developing Safe AttitudeFor the development of safe attitude, there should be a high degree of participation by all employees and the management should be able to sustain their interest by providing them information about the various affects of an accident, consequences by the help of the following* Posters Should be located in places which are prone to accidents like near the equipments, corridors, areas where there are chemicals or big machineries to promote a theme or call attention to a problem, and changed at least monthly.* Handouts Can be used in conjunction with monthly poster theme as reinforcement. unremarkably included in payroll envelope or can be mailed to the employees house.* In-House Newsletters A separate section can be devoted to inform employees of current and future safety methods in a very informal way, messages by top manage ment, achievement toward goals and ideas that worked. These are some items that leave behind be of interest.* Suggestions Employees should be encouraged to submit realize verbally ideas and suggestions. Providing a box where they can deposit these, gives them the feeling of having a direct line to management.* Group Safety Meetings Are generally most in effect(p) when they involve top management, are plotted to promote or train, and are of short duration (up to 1/2 hour).* Individual Safety Contacts Usually performed by the employees supervisor on a scheduled basis, weekly to monthly, with one topic as the basis of discussion (5 to 15 minutes).* Safety Contests, Quizzes & Campaigns, etc. These can be designed to reenforcement individuals or groups. The best results are achieved when everyone is involved and many types of activities interface to promote the campaign or make do.Programs that show an interest from top management, through the supervisors, to the hourly employ ees, help to create the spirit of cooperation. Effective communication is a needal tool. When top management knows and participates in the program, it communicates to all employees that safety is a company effort.Programs should be planned using a systematic approach aimed at the factors that are most influential to the affected employees. This will be much more trenchant than a hit-or-miss technique.Motivating For Safe AttitudeWhen workers do not pay attention or are not interested (lack of proper attitude) managements answers are likely to be found in the realm of group spirit and motivation. The management knows that the employees have the know-how and are physically and mentally capable of doing the work correctly, conscientiously and safely motivating these employees is a practical approach. So there to maintain interest, management has to see that the employees benefit directly. Interest will be aroused by activities that will appeal to them personally. However, everyone is not motivated by the same incentive. Therefore, activities that encompass several motivating factors will gain more overall participation. The key motivating factors areSelf -Preservation Protection of oneself from harm or destruction is the most important motivational factors. The fear of injury can lead to safety and the management should sustain interest in this by highlighting the consequence of injury by videos, presentations, posters discussions and lectures.Personal and hearty Gain Monetary gain or getting a reward for their achievement appeals to a lot of people so the management should reward their achievements for outstanding safety performances. Like in a Oil oil production Company if a particular rig does not have any accident for 1yr then all the employees of the rig get a security measures and a safety bonus.Loyalty If a person is loyal towards the nerve then he would have a greater interest in preventing the company from occurring losses. He would make it po int to thoroughly understand the safety rules and implement it wherever achievable because he feels the companies loss is his loss.Responsibility The virtuoso of responsibility of an employee will lead to active participation in safety measures. Like if a person would like to do a voluntary service by becoming a Loss Prevention team leader for a specific group so as to keep them updated with the latest in safety.Conformity Fear of being different will be able to motivate a person to follow the policies, procedures of the safety measures. Violation of these methods would lead to serious consequence so therefore compliancy would be a better choice and also prevent abjection amongst other employees.Rivalry Desire to compete in many people is a way of achieving things this can be used by management as an adequate tool of promoting safety measure by conducting contest on safety.Leadership If a person has the traits of leadership then being a leader and training other people on s afety issues could motivate him. Like giving presentations on using the different devices and equipments in the factories and this should be encouraged by the management by providing incentives to the leader.All these factors will help in achieving highest degree of involvement of the workers in the safety measure and help the organization to achieve its goal in a safest possible manner.ConclusionSafety has to be taken seriously in the industry. straight off days industries are putting lot of emphasis on safety training and implementation as they know safety implementation and military strength is worth against the injury caused. If the behavior of the employees has to change for this the management has to change their attitude and motivate employees for taking up safety measure and using them. Although motivation is not a magic wand it takes knowledge, understanding, problem solving, empathy, interaction, patience and perseverance. simply if used can work wonders.

Nelson Mandela Spiritual Biography Essay

Nelson Mandela challenged the status quo in m whatever(prenominal) ways weather it was do politically, socially, or personally, in order to achieve much(prenominal) high goals Mandela remunerative umpteen great personal expenses. Before the acts of Nelson Mandela, the country of S proscribedh Africa was scurvy it was plunged in a deep racism with the election in 1948. The administration of 1948 institutionaliseted the crime of Apartheid which is defined as the action of committing in humanse acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity which is committed in the place setting of an institutionalized regime which systematically oppresses and dominates one racial group everyplace any other racial group or groups and commits it with the intention of maintaining that regime. Mandela would make up the ideas of this regime and in conclusion play a major role in the elimination of the apartheid they motioned in evil to create.In his autobiography Nelson Mandela d escribes his runs and tribulations on his jaunt to the freedom of South Africa hence the name of the book bulky passing play To Freedom. From the time when he was young, Mandela was raised to be a attracter. Nelson Mandela be eagle-eyeds to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africas eastern Cape Province. When Mandela was nine, his father died of tuberculosis and the regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian. He att kiboshed many schools including The Wesleyan College in Healdtown, this is where most of the Thembu royalty went to college. Jongintaba conditioned Mandela to be a leader and these characteristics show during his presidency. and this leadership discipline was cut short by the fact that so many people of royalty face, set marrage. in brief after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regents son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged brotherhoods for both of them. He fled to Joha nnesburg in order to avoid being forcefully married and what he prove was a country whose national flag was in the dictionary adjacent to the word apartheid. Determined to change the status quo he get intoed on a political escape and joined the ANC and began practicing terrorism. He was arrested and sentenced to liveness in prison.He was let outd twenty seven days later by making the presage that he would stop participating in terrorism. He went anchor to the ANC and employ it as his political companionship to run for touch. He win collectable to the fact that he had won the right to vote for many of the non- innocence South Africans who congested him. He interconnected the country, most nonably by rugby, but also helped to raise many of the pitch blacknesss, whale non neglecting the whites, out of poverty. He is still an influential character to this day, and leads many humanitarian organizations. He is currently in the hospital due to medical troubles but he is expected to make a recovery.Starting in his early life Nelson Mandela always challenged the status quo. During this time he escaped an arranged marriage and thus beginning a life of meaningful insubordination, rebelliousness that would change the lives of all those around him, defiance that lift a race from the depths of poverty, defiance that would end apartheid. He began his political campaign through with(predicate) peaceful protesting pickings from the ideas of Gandhi with peaceful non- convulsive protest. This is shown by I cannot pinpoint the a bite when I became politicized, when I knew that I would spend my life in the release struggle. To be African in South Africa means that one is politicized from the arcsecond of ones birth , weather one acknowledges it or not. (Long Walk to Freedom 208). He joined the ANC and on December 5 1956. Shortly after Mandela and cl others were protesting non- violently and were arrested and charged with treason, however all of the defendants received acquittals.Mandela realized that he would need more aggressive tactics in order to end apartheid. He defied the 1948 regime which supported and strengthened apartheid in South Africa, exemplified by a biography of Nelson Mandela The NP seized the political initiative in 1948 and bear it into the early 1950s, pushing through its agenda of apartheid legislation without seeming to leave any heed, let alone making any compromises, to the political forces arranged against it. (Nelson Mandela 46). This quote exemplifies why Mandela abandoned his non- violent means, because the regime had total support from the white population and would not change its views in any way. In 1961 Mandela became the leader of the armed wing of the ANC and continued his defiance by violent means.Mandela described the move to armed struggle as a belong resort Due to the fact that the oppression and violence from the regimen was increase despite his best efforts, this convinced Mandela that even with many more years of non-violent protest against apartheid, he could not eliminate apartheid non-violently. And in June 1961, Mandela sent a letter to South African newspapers warning the government, that if they did not meet their demands, the Umkhonto we Sizwe would embark on a campaign of sabotage. The letter demanded the government accept a call for a national constitutional convention. The demands were not met by the government and beginning on 16 December 1961, the Umkhonto we Sizwe with Mandela as its leader, launched a attack campaign against government targets with the first action of the campaign being the onslaught of an electricity sub station.In total, over the next eighteen months, the Umkhonto we Sizwe would pop dozens more acts of sabotage and bombings. This is shown by his quote I do not deny that I jutned sabotage. I did not plan it in a spirit of recklessness nor because I nurse any love of violence. I planned it as a result of a calm and sober a ssessment of the political situation that had arisen after many years of tyranny, exploitation and oppression of my people by the whites. (Nelson Mandela). This exemplified his true defiance of apartheid, that he was willing to corrupt his values to achieve a goal. Nelson Mandela did not follow the status quo by any means during these years of his life.His discharge also exemplifies how he did not follow the status quo. He attempt to use his trial to fight apartheid but this argument did not domiciliate so well with the white judge who was appointed by the 1948 administration. In the end he was found guilty of many crimes as express in Crimes Charged (1) The commission of acts of sabotage together with the communist party (2) conspiracy to aid or procure wrongful acts concerning the recruitment of persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives for committing acts of violence, conspiracy to commit acts of guerilla warfare, acts of service to military units of for eign countries invading South Africa, and acts of participation in violent revolution (3) the execution of the common purpose of committing the acts set out above (4) soliciting money in South Africa and abroad and disbursing those funds in the interests of their campaign ( Great adult male Trials 347).Although this quote may be long and demanding to get wind, it is indicative evidence for what they are truly imprisoning Mandela for, to silence his defiance. After his trial and conviction and he was taken to Robben Island where he would truly begin his spiritual move. Even the prison system in South Africa was segregated and Mandela was a D- Class Prisoner and was except allowed one visit and letter per month. However even though Mandela was in Jail his wife, Winnie Mandela continued defying apartheid shown by completely the while, Mandelas wife, Winnie Mandela, who was both his loyal supported and respected representative on the outside, spent the decades protesting and pe riodically being tried, imprisoned, and banned for her political activity.( Great World Trials 352). Mandela began a journey of knowledge gaining a Bachelor of laws from the University of London via their immaterial program shown by I was still in the midst of examine my L.L.B. at the University of London. I had started studying for the L.L.B. at the University of London during the Rivonia Trial ( Long Walk to Freedom 504).This clearly exemplifies Mandelas defiance, that even though they locked him up he still perused his goal of ending apartheid which he found to be best served by furthering his education and gaining a law degree. Mandela also read poetry growing very fond of a poem by William Earnest Henley called Invictus. These beautiful speech communication inspired him to not be despiteful towards the whites who put him in prison but rather to seek unity. Mandela was eventually released from jail on February 2, 1990 after he made a bring with President F. W. de Klerk who had gotten rid of the ban on ANC and other organizations like it. Upon his release from prison he rejoined the leadership of the ANC now lead by Chris Hani. Mandela gained restraint of the ANC in April of 1993 following the assassination of Chris Hani. By then the ANC and other anti- apartheid organizations had won the rights of the black population to vote.Mandela used the ANC as his political party to commit the ultimate act of defiance, run for the presidency of South Africa. The ANC won 62 percent of the votes in the election, and Mandela was inaugurated as South Africas first black president on May 10 1994. Nelson Mandela viewed this as the beginning of his journey and not the time to relax shown by I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter I have made missteps along the way. But I have discover the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb.I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the divine vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom comes responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk has not even so ended. ( Long Walk to Freedom 640). Mandela had committed the ultimate act of defiance of running for president and came out victorious, the white residents of South Africa was in for some payback for imprisoning him for 27 years, at least that was the general idea carried by the white population when Mandela was elected, but Mandela had other plans.When Nelson Mandela first walked into his office as president he found many of the people who worked in his office, such as secretaries, packing up their things in anticipation of Mandela firing them. Mandela called them into his office and many thought that they were about to get fired. Instead Mandela asked them to put by their political views and asked all of the old employees to stay and work with him. In doing this he is onc e again defying the status quo, which was that he would seek revenge on the whites for his imprisonment, but instead of revenge he sought unity. He unified the country in many ways most notably through rugby. He now asked others not to follow the status quo.He asked to blacks to back the previously hated Springboks, the South African Rugby Team. A moving picture named Invictus tells the story of this as the underdog South African team lead by the captain of the rugby team Francois Pienaar won against the favored novel Zealand rugby team. This is shown by When he took the field in a rugby homogeneous after South Africa won the 1995 World Cup, the virtually all white crowd chanted, Nelson Nelson. (Nelson Mandela 142. During his reign as president Nelson Mandela virtually ended apartheid in South Africa ushering in a new era for prosperity for the country.In all Nelson Mandela was a very influential human rights activist and his work can be categorized to be as great as the work o f Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jr. due to the basic human rights that he rightfully gave to so many South Africans. He also is an influential leader to this day and has his name on many kind organizations. He defied the status quo of a country and won. In the End these words given the title of Invictus by William Ernest Henley truly reflect Nelson Mandelas impulse for unity and his capacity for forgiveness. Out of the night that covers me,Black as the conflagration from pole to pole,I thank whatever gods may beFor my immovable soul.In the fell clutch of circumstanceI have not winced nor cried aloud.Under the bludgeonings of chanceMy head is bloody, but unbowed.Beyond this place of passion and tearsLooms but the Horror of the shade,And yet the menace of the yearsFinds,and shall find, me unafraid.It matters not how strait the gate,How charged with punishments the scroll.I am the master of my fateI am the captain of my soul.Works CitedMandela, Nelson, Wyk Chris Van, and Paddy Boum a. Long Walk to Freedom. New York Flash Point/Roaring Brook, 2009. Print.Maltz, Leora. Nelson Mandela. San Diego Greenhaven, 2004. Print.Knappman, Edward W. Great World Trials. Detroit Gale Research, 1997. Print.Invictus 2009. Perf. Morgan Freeman and flatness Damon. Warner Bros., 2009.BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012.

Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay

This essay impart discuss the importance of partnership with p atomic number 18nts/whanau, providing responsive relationships and interactions with children and biculturalism on society. Research shows that children who attend an early childishness centre providing care of senior high quality succeeded more at school, stayed at school longer and unploughed achieving more in their early adult years. They grew up with a palpate of belonging within their community and society and had the skills emergencyed to take retain of their own lives (Beaver, Brewster, J one and only(a)s, Keene, Neaum, & Tallach, 2001).1. primeval childhood centres institute an important role in overhauling families function effectively. They combine their role of supporting families while supporting childrens wordment in partnership with parents. Each child, from each one family is unique. In an early childhood centre each one of the children is unique as well as their family. Research shows us that t hose parents, through parental engagement early on in a childs training that they are more likely to maintain this through all their educational years (Beaver et al. , 2001).Effective communication is one of the most important principles when forming partnerships with parents. Parents are the most knowledgeable when it comes to their child and if they feel they can share this with round of the early childhood centre the child pass on benefit from this (Beaver et al. , 2001). end-to-end our lives we know it is hard to part from mountain we love and some parents amaze it hard to leave their child in a centre. We thus impoverishment to be sensitive to this issue and work in partnership with parents and help them to build on what they want for their child.Arthur, Beecher, Death, Dockett & Farmer (2001) commonwealth that Early childhood educators should recognise that e real setting is a source of catching for teenage children, with the home acknowledged as a particularly pow erful make (p. 11). 2. Children need to experience reciprocal and responsive relationships to develop and learn. Infants are very dependent and require emotional security to develop an attachment with another(prenominal) person other than their parent(s).A quality learning environment is one where teachers respect each child individually, and are irresponsible, warm, supporting and encourage swell self confidence, and initiate meaningful interactions with children. It is essential to create an environment where each child feels appreciated and valued. It is through forming these important adult child relationships that they will feel a mind of their own identity and develop irresponsible self worth. Nurturing relationships are developed when positive interactions occur.The constant talk with infants, encouraging eye contact and being held in a calm and condole with way, active listening, positive language and noticing signs/gestures are some ways that infants develop trust an d form a bond with us. The grooming (Early Childhood Centres) Regulations 1998 state Every child is given positive guidance, using praise and encouragement, and avoiding blame, jolting language, and belittling or degrading responses (Ministry of Education MoE , 1998, p. 22). Early childhood teachers need to ensure care giving routines are unhurried, meaningful and a placid experience.Take the time to sing songs, read books, follow their interests and extend them, be interested in what they are doing, keep conversations open, enrich their language, allow them to look for and discover, play with them and alongside them and allow yourself to be another person in their lives that interact and are responsive to them. If an infant is crying and they are responded to in a calm and gentle way, treated in the reliable and see manner they are entitled to they will build a positive image of themselves. Centre policies should smooth this.3. It is important for all New Zealanders and peop le living in New Zealand to be aware of, and sensitive to the bicultural reputation of New Zealand society which consists of pakehas and the indigenous people the Maori who were here some hundred years before the arrival of Europeans. We need to respect and understand the accordance of Waitangi which is the formal agreement between the Maori and the British Government which gave the latter the safe to establish settlement and a system of British Government conquer to certain rights being assured to the Maori.A bicultural perspective promotes the value of two cultures. We as a society need to understand and respect Maori views on child development and the role of the family. In Quality in follow through Te Mahi Whai Hua, Implementing the Revised Statement of Desirable Objectives and Practices in New Zealand Early Childhood Services it says teachers need to understand how whanau values affect behavior and influence the ability of children and adults to engage in meaningful p urposeful relationships (Ministry of Education MoE, 1998, p.18). We must enable Maori children and their families to be active in their community which will allow their children to learn and grow and develop a strong sense of self-worth. Te reo Maori is a living and relevant language and very significant to Maori. We need to assure Maori families that their culture, beliefs and practices are fully valued, appreciated and supported. We can learn a lot from these and implement them into the curriculum. Early childhood services play an integral part in society.They are an extension of home for children and their parents/whanau therefore we need to consider the cultural heritage of Maori and provide learning experiences for the children that reflect their culture. It is a requirement of the Education (Early Childhood Centres) Regulations 1998 that state Encourage children to develop and remain confident in their own culture and to develop an judgement of and respect for other cultur es of Aotearoa/New Zealand (MoE, p. 21).

Computer Use in Legal Work Essay

Computers agree been dominating the work roll these days. In this contemporary world, companies fox change by reversal ultimately dependent on computers when it comes to continuous or automatic tasks where gentlemans be no match with when it comes to professionalcess time. It tout ensemble in on the whole eliminates the portion of gracious error and the inherent disadvantages of humans versus computers, more(prenominal) as the pack to sleep or rest, the need for variety, and so forthtera Modern technology has en fittedd selective nurture to be sorted, collected and break upd quickly and perhaps to a greater extent cost-effectively when comp atomic number 18d to hiring a number of great deal to work on them to collect and analyze the data and because paying them an charm level of wages and benefits. contrived intelligence everyows data extr feat, sorting and analysis to be tailored to the need of the client, wherein imaginations that ar identified using deduct ion processes mountain be added to their features. These come out of the closetnces be leading to fair play firms where the majority of staff leave behind be curb to those operating the machines al wholeness non to people doing the gathering, sorting and analyzing of the data.Computer logical system of rules has become very much intelligent and has become, at times, more than at par with how humans think. Computers be replacing workers at an alarming pace in m whatever corporations with the nonable exception of tasks needing high levels of creativity. Automation has become round(prenominal) good and bad for the economy. Automation progresses as technology progresses. Applications on computers ar replacing the humans who utilize to do their jobs as computers do those jobs faster often doing double the work that would be d hotshot in 8 hours by a single human universe. Economics ordain be greatly impacted by the changes in technology. Although it whitethorn not di rectly create unemployment since people tend to get more and more productive in finding fewthing to do for work, the advancements in technology result continue to grow. E-discoer, an application being used in the sanctioned world, uses both heather mixtureuistic and sociological logic in order to filter instruction when users search for information. A collapse from language, the br separately aspects implied in the searches will be embarrass in the results.Information-sifting has become so sophisticated that applications are al use upy able to identify and deduce human inter body processs pertaining to events, telephone c everys, emails, messages, etc. They are overly capable of decoding data used to cloak information being conveyed finished these venues. Cataphora, a bundle that analyzes data, is capable of showing who leaked information, whos important in the organization or when a sensitive document ilk an S.E.C. file is being edited an unusual number of times, or an unusual number of flirt withss, by an unusual type or number of people. It is excessively programmed to identify human emotions implied within an e-mail or a call. sleuthing of shifts in human emotions can mean an alert implying il intelligent activities. Clearwell, a program from a comp both in Silicon Valley, analyzes documents by scrutinizing for concepts, which simplifies material freshen up in judicial proceeding. In an example given by the comp any, an analysis task that would normally take an entire work week could be cut d accept to 3 days using the software.Although computers whitethorn provem to keep back advantages in certain types of analysis tasks, the human factor involved in identifying relevant information still remains in the hands of the soulfulness operating the computer. Taking for example the skid of Enron, wherein over five million messages had to be processed for the prosecution, Andrew McCallum decided to purchase a copy of the database for $1 0,000 for the University of Massachusetts and made it available for research, which made a Brobdingnagian impact within the healthy community.Although technology has its own limitations as when data need to be audited by a individual, it still makes a ample impact in harm of how fast the work is de alertred. In terms of accuracy, humans commit errors hence the term human error. This is what Mr. Herr implant when he back-tracked and did analysis on previous jobs to check the difference in results amongst humans and computers. The 40% difference in accuracy he found in favor of computers leads us to think ab turn up companies, corporations and the practice of lawful profession as a whole, and the savings from expenses it will have when software as such is usedPILIn Indian law, world- involution litigation is litigation for the protection of the human beings bet. PIL may be introduced in a motor inn of law by the approach itself (sumoto), rather than the aggrieved sem ipolitical political troupe or some some other third party. For the exercise of the decidehips jurisdiction, it is unnecessary for the victim of the scotch of his or her adepts to personally approach the accost. In PIL, the undecomposed to file motor hotelship is given to a member of the humankind by the costs by means of discriminative activism. The member of the public may be a non- establishmental organization (NGO), an cosmos or an individual. The peremptory apostrophize of India, rejecting the criticism of juridic activism, has readd that the tribunal has stepped in to give direction due to executive inaction laws enacted by sevens and the bow legislatures for the poor since independence have not been by unspoilts implemented.reality affair judicial proceeding mankind entertain litigation as exists todayPIL today offers such a paradigm which locates the content of unaffixed justice without the formal effective system. Non Anglo-Saxon jurisdictio n directs butterflys to transcend the handed-down legal function of adjudication and provide remedies for societal wrongs. PIL had already molded the state in to the instrument of socio-stinting change. Social justice is the byproduct of this transcends from the formal legal system.Evolution of Public affair litigationThe Indian PIL is the im be discrepancy of PIL of U.S.A. According to Ford Foundation of U.S.A., Public interest law is the agnomen that has recently been given to efforts that provide legal representation to previously unrepresented groups and interests. such(prenominal) efforts have been lowtaken in the recognition that ordinary market localize for legal operate fails to provide such services to world-shattering segments of the population and to epochal interests. much(prenominal) groups and interests include the proper environmentalists, consumers, racial and ethnic minorities and others. The emergency period (1975-1977) witnessed compound nature of th e Indian legal system. During emergency state repression and political revolt was widespread. Thousands of innocent people including political opponents were sent to put asides and there was collar privationing of civil and political rights. The post emergency period provided an occasion for the resolve of the Supreme philander to openly disregard the impediments of Anglo-Saxon cognitive operation in providing access to justice to the poor.Notably ii justices of the Supreme accost, referee V. R. Krishna Iyer and P. N. Bhagwati appreciate the possibility of providing access to justice to the poor and the exploited people by relaxing the practices of stand. In the post-emergency period when the political situations had changed, fact-finding journalism excessively began to expose gory scenes of governmental lawlessness, repression, custodial violence, drawing worry of lawyers, judges, and social activists. PIL emerged as a result of an informal nexus of pro-active jud ges, media persons and social activists. This apparent motion shows starke difference between the tralatitious justice delivery system and the neo informal justice system where the judiciary is performing administrative juridic role. PIL is necessary rejection of laissez faire notions of traditional jurisprudence.The first-class honours degree reported case of PIL in 1979 think on the inhuman conditions of prisons and under trial prisoners. In Hussainara Khatoon v. offer of Bihar, port 1979 SC 1360, the PIL was filight-emitting diode by an advocate on the basis of the raw(a)s arrange published in the Indian Express, highlighting the plight of thousands of undertrial prisoners languishing in heterogeneous jails in Bihar. These proceeding led to the release of more than 40, 000 undertrial prisoners. Right to prompt justice emerged as a basic profound right which had been denied to these prisoners. The aforesaid(prenominal) set pattern was adopted in subsequent cases. In 1981 the case of Anil Yadav v. conjure of Bihar, seam 1982 SC 1008, exposed the brutalities of the Police.News makeup report revealed that about 33 suspected criminals were blinded by the practice of law in Bihar by putting the acid into their eyes. by dint of temporary orders S. C. say the State government to take in the blinded men to Delhi for health check treatment. It similarly ordered swift prosecution of the guilty policemen. The court also read right to free legal aid as a sound right of every accused. Anil Yadav signalled the increase of social activism and investigative litigation. In (Citizen for Democracy v. State of Assam, (1995) 3SCC 743), the S. C. declared that the handcuffs and other fetters shall not be forced upon a prisoner while lodged in jail or while in transport or transit from one jail to another or to the court or back.Concept of PILAccording to the jurisprudence of member 32 of the opus of India, The right to move the Supreme act by approp riate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this part is guaranteed. Ordinarily, only the aggrieved party has the right to seek redress under word 32.In 1981 Justice P. N. Bhagwati in .S. P. Gupta v. total of India, 1981 (Supp) SCC 87, articulated the concept of PIL as follows, Where a legal wrong or a legal injury is caused to a person or to a determinate categorise of persons by reason of intrusion of any total or legal right or any burden is imposed in contravention of any recordal or legal provision or without authority of law or any such legal wrong or legal injury or illegal burden is threatened and such person or determinate clear of persons by reasons of poverty, helplessness or disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position unable to approach the court for quietus, any member of public can maintain an application for an appropriate direction, order or juridic judicial writ in the broad(prenominal) Court under Article 226 and in case any breach of thorough rights of such persons or determinate class of persons, in this court under Article 32 seeking judicial redress for the legal wrong or legal injury caused to such person or determinate class of persons.The prescript of locale standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having enough interest in the proceeding of Public chase Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infraction of statutory provisions, but not for personal pucker or buck prevalent soldier hit or political motive or any oblique term (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349). Supreme Court in Indian Banks Association, Bombay and ors v. M/s Devkala Consultancy Service and Ors., J. T. 2004 (4) SC 587, held that In an appropriate case, where the prayerer strength have moved a court in her cloak-and-dagger interest and for redressal of the personal grievance, the court in f urtherance of Public Interest may treat it a necessity to enquire into the state of affairs of the field of litigation in the interest of justice. Thus a private interest case can also be treated as public interest case.In Guruvayur Devaswom Managing Commit. And Anr. Vs. C.K. Rajan and Ors, J.T. 2003 (7) S.C. 312, S.C. held, The Courts exercising their power of judicial review found to its dismay that the poorest of the poor, depraved, the illiterate, the urban and rural unorganized labour sector, women, children, injure by ignorance, indigence and illiteracy and other down trodden have either no access to justice or had been denied justice. A bare-ass branch of proceedings known as Social Interest Litigation or Public Interest Litigation was breakd with a view to render complete justice to the aforementioned classes of persona. It expanded its wings in course of time. The Courts in pro bono publico granted backup man to the inmates of the prisons, provided legal aid, tell sp eedy trial, fear of human dignity and covered several other areas. illustration actions, pro bono publico and test litigations were entertained in keeping with the current accent on justice to the common man and a necessary disincentive to those who wish to by pass the, real issues on the merits by suspect cartel on peripheral procedural shortcomings Pro bono publico constituted a significant state in the present day judicial system. They, so far, provided the dockets with much greater responsibility for rendering the concept of justice available to the disadvantaged sections of the society. Public interest litigation has come to stay and its necessity cannot be overemphasized. The courts evolved a jurisprudence of compassion. Procedural propriety was to move over giving interpose to substantive concerns of the deprivation of rights. The rule of locus standi was diluted. The Court in place of disinterested and dispassionate adjudicator became active participant in the dispensati on of justice.Aspects of PIL(a) cave ining in NatureRemedial nature of PIL departs from traditional locus standi rules. It indirectly incorporated the principles enshrined in the part IV of the penning of India into part triple of the opus. By riding the aspirations of part IV into part cardinal of the Constitution had changeth the procedural nature of the Indian law into dynamic well-being one. Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. sum of money of India, Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P., etc were the obvious examples of this change in nature of judiciary.(b) Representative standRepresentative standing can be seen as a creative e grindateness of the well-accepted standing exception which allows a third party to file a habeas corpus petition on the ground that the injure party cannot approach the court himself. And in this regard the Indian concept of PIL is much broader in relation to the American. PIL is a modified form of class action.(c) Citizen standingThe doctrine of citizen standing thus marks a significant expansion of the courts rule, from protector of individual rights to guardian of the rule of law wherever threatened by official lawlessness.(d) Non-adversarial LitigationIn the manner of speaking of S. C. in Peoples Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1982 S.C. 1473, We wish to point out with all the vehemence at our reign that public interest litigationis a on the whole various build of litigation from the ordinary traditional litigation which is essentially of an adversary typesetters case where there is a dispute between ii litigating parties, one devising claim or seeking alleviation against the other and that other oppose such claim or resisting such relief. Non-adversarial litigation has two aspects.1. Collaborative litigation and2. investigative LitigationCollaborative Litigation In collaborative litigation the effort is from all the sides. The claimant, the court and the governing body or the public official, all are in collaboration here to see that basic human rights become importeeful for the large masses of the people. PIL helps executive to discharge its constitutional obligations. Court assumes three different functions other than that from traditional determination and return of a decree. (i). Ombudsman- The court receives citizen complaints and brings the most important ones to the tutelage of responsible government officials. (ii) assemblage The court provides a forum or place to reason the public issues at length and providing emergency relief through interim orders. (iii) Mediator The court comes up with possible compromises. Investigative Litigation It is investigative litigation because it works on the reports of the Registrar, Di non bilknt Magistrate, comments of experts, newspapers etc.(e) Crucial AspectsThe tractability introduced in the adherence to procedural laws. In artless Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P.,(1985) 2 SCC 431, court rejected the defense o f reticuloendothelial system Judicta. Court refused to seclude the PIL and ordered compensation too. In R.C. Narain v. State of Bihar, court legislated the rules for the eudaemonia of the persons living in the mental asylum. To curtail custodial violence, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, issued certain guidelines. Supreme Court has broadened the content of Right to live with human dignity available under the Article 21 of the Constitution of India to a greatest extent possible.(f) Relaxation of strict rule of locale StandiThe strict rule of locus standi has been relaxed by way of (a) Representative standing, and (b) Citizen standing. In D.C.Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 579, S.C. held that a petitioner, a professor of political science who had done actual research and deeply interested in ensuring proper implementation of the constitutional provisions, challenged the practice followed by the state of Bihar in repromulgating a number of ordinances wi thout getting the approval of the legislature. The court held that the petitioner as a member of public has sufficient interest to maintain a petition under Article 32.The rule of locus standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infraction of statutory provisions, but not for personal gain or private profit or political motive or any oblique considerationcourt has to revive balance between two conflicting interests (i) nobody should be allowed to indulge in unhinged and reckless allegations besmirching the character of others and (ii) avoidance of public slipperiness and to avoid pestiferous petitions seeking to assail, for oblique motives, justifiable executive and the legislature (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349).It is depressing to note that on account o f nonsensicality proceedings initiated before the courts, innumerable days are wasted, which time differently could have been spent for the disposal of cases of genuine litigants. though the Supreme Court spares no efforts in fostering and developing the worthy concept of PIL and extending its ling arm of sympathy to the poor, ignorant, the crush and the needy whose fundamental rights are infringed and violate and whose grievances go unnoticed, unrepresented and unheard (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349). (g) Epistolary JurisdictionThe judicial activism gets its highest fillip when its orders wipe some tear from some eyes. This jurisdiction is some ways different from collective action. Number of PIL cells was open all over India for providing the earth or at least platform to the needy class of the society.Features of PILThrough the mechanism of PIL, the courts seek to protect human rights in the by-line ways 1) By creating a new regime of human right s by expanding the meaning of fundamental right to equality, life and personal liberty. In this process, the right to speedy trial, free legal aid, dignity, means and livelihood, education, housing, medical care, clean environment, right against twisting, internal worrying, solitary confinement, bondage and servitude, growing and so on emerge as human rights. These new reconceptualised rights provide legal resources to activate the courts for their enforcement through PIL. 2) By democratization of access to justice. This is done by relaxing the traditional rule of locus standi. Any public spirited citizen or social action group can approach the court on behalf of the oppressed classes. Courts attention can be drawn even by create verbally a letter or sending a telegram. This has been called epistolary jurisdiction.3) By make new kinds of reliefs under the courts writ jurisdiction. For example, the court can award interim compensation to the victims of governmental lawlessness. This stands in sharp contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model of adjudication where interim relief is hold to preserving the status quo pending final decision. The grant of compensation in PIL matters does not preclude the aggrieved person from bringing a civil type for damages. In PIL cases the court can fashion any relief to the victims. 4) By judicial monitoring of State institutions such as jails, womens antifertility homes, teenaged homes, mental asylums, and the uniform.Through judicial invigilation, the court seeks gradual feeler in their management and administration. This has been characterized as creeping jurisdiction in which the court takes over the administration of these institutions for protecting human rights. 5) By devising new techniques of fact-finding. In most of the cases the court has appointed its own socio-legal commissions of inquiry or has deputed its own official for investigation. Sometimes it has taken the help of National military personnel Rights comp laint or Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or experts to question into human rights violations. This may be called investigative litigation.PIL as an Instrument of Social channelisePIL is works as an important instrument of social change. It is working for the welfare of every section of society. Its the sword of every one used only for taking the justice. The innovation of this legitimate instrument proved expert for the developing coarse like India. PIL has been used as a scheme to combat the atrocities prevailing in society. Its an institutional green light towards the welfare of the needy class of the society. In Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, S.C. ordered for the release of bonded labourers. In Murli S. Dogra v. Union of India, court censor smoking in public places. In a landmark judgement of Delhi Domestic Working Womens Forum v. Union of India, (1995) 1 SCC 14, Supreme Court issued guidelines for rehabilitation and compensation for the rape on working women . In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan Supreme court has put down exhaustive guidelines for preventing sexual worrying of working women in place of their work.ConclusionIt would be appropriate to cogitate by quoting Cunningham, Indian PIL aptitude rather be a phoenix a whole new creative arising out of the ashes of the old order. PIL represents the first attempt by a developing common law country to break away from legal imperialism perpetuated for centuries. It contests the assumption that the most western the law, the better it must work for economic and social development such law produced in developing states, including India, was the development of under develop men. The shift from legal centralism to legal pluralism was prompted by the disillusionment with formal legal system. In India, however instead of seeking to evolve justice- dispensing mechanism ousted the formal legal system itself through PIL.The change as we have seen, are both substantial and structural. It has rad ically altered the traditional judicial role so as to enable the court to bring justice within the reach of the common man. Further, it is humbly submitted that PIL is still is in experimental stage. Many deficiencies in discourse the kind of litigation are likely to come on the front. just now these deficiencies can be remote by innovating better techniques. In essence, the PIL develops a new jurisprudence of the accountability of the state for constitutional and legal violations adversely affecting the interests of the weaker elements in the community. We may end with the hope once convey by Justice Krishna Iyer, The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes.1.Public Interest LitigationJudiciary, being the sentinel of constitutional statutory rights of citizens has a finicky role to play in the constitutional scheme. It can review economy and administrative actions or decisions on the anvil of constitutional law. For the enforce ment of fundamental rights one has to move the Supreme Court or the extravagantly Courts directly by invoking Writ Jurisdiction of these courts. But the high cost and complicated procedure involved in litigation, however, makes equal access to jurisdiction in chaste slogan in respect of millions of destitute and underprivileged masses sick by poverty, illiteracy and ignorance. The Supreme Court of India, pioneered the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) thereby throwing upon the portals of courts to the common man. Till 1960s and seventies, the concept of litigation in India was still in its rudimentary form and was seen as a private pursuit for the vindication of private vested interests.Litigation in those days consisted mainly of some action initiated and continued by certain individuals, usually, addressing their own grievances/problems. Thus, the excogitation and continuance of litigation was the prerogative of the injured person or the aggrieved party. heretofore this was g reatly limited by the resources available with those individuals. There was very dwarfish organized efforts or attempts to take up wider issues that affected classes of consumers or the planetary public at large. However, all these scenario changed during Eighties with the Supreme Court of India led the concept of public interest litigation (PIL). The Supreme Court of India gave all individuals in the country and the newly formed consumer groups or social action groups, an easier access to the law and introduced in their work a broad public interest perspective.Public Interest Litigation has been defined in the total darknesss Law Dictionary (6th Edition) as under-Public Interest Something in which the public, the community at large, has some pecuniary interest, or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected. It does not mean anything so narrow as mere curiosity, or as the interests of the incident localities, which may be affected by the matters in qu estion.Subjects of Public Interest Litigation.Public Interest Litigation is meant for enforcement of fundamental and other legal rights of the people who are poor, weak, ignorant of legal redressal system or otherwise in a disadvantageous position, due to their social or economic background. such(prenominal) litigation can be initiated only for redressal of a public injury, enforcement of a public duty or vindicating interest of public nature. It is necessary that the petition is not filed for personal gain or private motive or for other extraneous consideration and is filed bona fide in public interest. The following are the subjects which may be litigated under the head of Public Interest Litigation (I) The matters of public interest Generally they include(i) bonded labour matters(ii) matters of neglected children(iii) exploitation of casual labourers and non-payment of wages to them (except in individual cases) (iv) matters of harassment or torture of persons belonging to Schedul ed Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Economically Backward Classes, either by co-villagers or by police (v) matters relating to environmental pollution, disturbance of ecological balance, drugs, fare adulteration, maintenance of heritage and culture, antiques, forests and wild life, (vi) petitions from riot victims and (vii) other matters of public importance.(II) The matters of private nature They include (i) threat to or harassment of the petitioner by private persons, (ii) seeking enquiry by an agency other than local police, (iii) seeking police protection, (iv) land lordtenant dispute (v) service matters, (vi) admission to medical or engineering colleges, (vii) early hear of matters pending in High Court and subordinate courts and are not considered matters of public interest. (III) Letter Petitions Petitions accredited by post even though not in public interest can be treated as writ petitions if so directed by the Honble Judge nominated for this purpose.Individual petitions com plaining harassment or torture or death in jail or by police, complaints of atrocities on women such as harassment for dowry, bride burning, rape, murder and kidnapping, complaints relating to family pensions and complaints of refusal by police to register the case can be registered as writ petitions, if so approved by the interested Honble Judge. If deemed expedient, a report from the concerned authority is called before placing the matter before the Honble Judge for directions. If so directed by the Honble Judge, the letter is registered as a writ petition and is thereafter listed before the Court for hearing.Procedure for file Public Interest Litigation.(a) FilingPublic Interest Litigation petition is filed in the same manner, as a writ petition is filed. If a PIL is filed in a High Court, then two (2) copies of the petition have to be filed (for Supreme Court, then (4)+(1)(i.e.5) sets) Also, an advance copy of the petition has to be served on the each answerer, i.e. blow party, and this proof of service has to be affixed on the petition.(b) The ProcedureA Court fee of Rs. 50 , per respondent (i.e. for each number of party, court fees of Rs 50) have to be affixed on the petition. Proceedings, in the PIL commence and operate on in the same manner, as other cases. However, in between the proceedings if the Judge feels that he may appoint the commissioner, to inspect allegations like pollution being caused, trees being cut, sewer problems, etc. After filing of replies, by opposite party, or rejoinder by the petitioner, final hearing takes place, and the judge gives his final decision.Against whom Public Interest Litigation can be filedA Public Interest Litigation can be filed against a State/ Central Govt., Municipal Authorities, and not any private party. The rendering of State is the same as given under Article 12 of the Constitution and this includes the governanceal and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States an d all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. According to Art.12, the term State includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislatures of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Thus the authorities and instrumentalities specified under Art.12 are The Government and Parliament of India The Government and Legislature of each of the States All local authorities other authorities within the territory of India or under the Government of India. In Electricity Board, Rajasthan v. Mohan Lal, the Supreme Court held that other authorities would include all authorities created by the Constitution of India or Statute on whom powers are conferred by law. However, Private party can be include in the PIL as Respondent, after making concerned state authority, a party. For example- if there is a Private fa ctory in Delhi, which is causing pollution, then people living nearly, or any other person can file a PIL against the Government of Delhi, Pollution Control Board, and against the private factory. However, a PIL cannot be filed against the Private party alone.Aspects of Public Interest Litigation(a) Remedial in Nature Remedial nature of PIL departs from traditional locus standi rules. It indirectly incorporated the principles enshrined in the part IV of the Constitution of India into part III of the Constitution. By riding the aspirations of part IV into part III of the Constitution had changeth the procedural nature of the Indian law into dynamic welfare one. Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P., etc were the obvious examples of this change in nature of judiciary. (b) Representative Standing Representative standing can be seen as a creative expansion of the well-accepted standing exception which allows a third party to file a habeas corpus petition o n the ground that the injured party cannot approach the court himself. And in this regard the Indian concept of PIL is much broader in relation to the American. PIL is a modified form of class action. (c) Citizen standing The doctrine of citizen standing thus marks a significant expansion of the courts rule, from protector of individual rights to guardian of the rule of law wherever threatened by official lawlessness.(d) Non-adversarial Litigation In the words of Supreme Court in Peoples Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, We wish to point out with all the emphasis at our command that public interest litigationis a totally different kind of litigation from the ordinary traditional litigation which is essentially of an adversary character where there is a dispute between two litigating parties, one making claim or seeking relief against the other and that other opposing such claim or resisting such relief. Non-adversarial litigation has two aspects 1. Collaborative litigat ion In collaborative litigation the effort is from all the sides. The claimant, the court and the Government or the public official, all are in collaboration here to see that basic human rights become meaningful for the large masses of the people. PIL helps executive to discharge its constitutional obligations. Court assumes three different functions other than that from traditional determination and issuance of a decree.(i). Ombudsman- The court receives citizen complaints and brings the most important ones to the attention of responsible government officials. (ii) Forum The court provides a forum or place to discuss the public issues at length and providing emergency relief through interim orders. (iii) Mediator The court comes up with possible compromises. 2. Investigative Litigation It is investigative litigation because it works on the reports of the Registrar, District Magistrate, comments of experts, newspapers etc. (e) Crucial Aspects The flexibility introduced in the adhe rence to procedural laws. In Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P., Supreme Court rejected the defense of Res Judicta. Court refused to withdraw the PIL and ordered compensation too.To curtail custodial violence, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, issued certain guidelines. Supreme Court has broadened the meaning of Right to live with human dignity available under the Article 21 of the Constitution of India to a greatest extent possible. (f) Relaxation of strict rule of Locus Standi The strict rule of locus standi has been relaxed by way of (a) Representative standing, and (b) Citizen standing. In D.C.Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, Supreme Court held that a petitioner, a professor of political science who had done substantial research and deeply interested in ensuring proper implementation of the constitutional provisions, challenged the practice followed by the state of Bihar in repromulgating a number of ordinances without getting the approval of the legislature. The court held that the petitioner as a member of public has sufficient interest to maintain a petition under Article 32.The rule of locus standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infraction of statutory provisions, but not for personal gain or private profit or political motive or any oblique considerationcourt has to strike balance between two conflicting interests (i) nobody should be allowed to indulge in wild and reckless allegations besmirching the character of others and (ii) avoidance of public mischief and to avoid mischievous petitions seeking to assail, for oblique motives, justifiable executive and the legislature. It is depressing to note that on account of trumpery proceedings initiated before the courts, innumerable days are wasted, which time other wise could have been spent for the disposal of cases of genuine litigants.Though the Supreme Court spares no efforts in fostering and developing the laudable concept of PIL and extending its ling arm of sympathy to the poor, ignorant, the oppressed and the needy whose fundamental rights are infringed and violated and whose grievances go unnoticed, unrepresented and unheard. (g) Epistolary Jurisdiction The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes. This jurisdiction is somehow different from collective action. Number of PIL cells was open all over India for providing the footing or at least platform to the needy class of the society. Factors that have contributed to growth of PIL.Among, the numerous factors that have contributed to the growth of PIL in this country, the following deserve specific mention The character of the Indian Constitution. Unlike Britain, India has a written constitution which through Part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) provides a framework for regulating relations between the state and its citizens and between citizens inter-se. India has some of the most progressive social legislation to be found anywhere in the world whether it be relating to bonded labor, minimum wages, land ceiling, environmental protection, etc. This has made it easier for the courts to haul up the executive when it is not performing its duties in ensuring the rights of the poor as per the law of the land. The liberal interpretation of locus standi where any person can apply to the court on behalf of those who are economically or physically unable to come before it has helped. Judges themselves have in some cases initiated suo moto action based on newspaper articles or letters received. Although social and economic rights given in the Indian Constitution under Part IV are not legally enforceable, courts have creatively read these into fundamental rights thereby making the m judicially enforceable. For typesetters case the right to life in Article 21 has been expanded to include right to free legal aid, right to live with dignity, right to education, right to work, freedom from torture, bar fetters and hand cuffing in prisons, etc. Sensitive judges have constantly innovated on the side of the poor. for instance, in the Bandhua Mukti Morcha case in 1983, the Supreme Court put the burden of proof on the respondent stating it would treat every case of forced labor as a case of bonded labor unless proven otherwise by the employer. Similarly in the Asiad Workers judiciousness case, Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labor commissioner and lower courts In PIL cases where the petitioner is not in a position to provide all the necessary evidence, either because it is voluminous or because the parties are weak socially or economically, courts have appoin ted commissions to collect information on facts and present it before the bench.Mechanism for protection of Human Rights through PILFeatures of PIL through the mechanism of PIL, the courts seek to protect human rights in the following ways 1) By creating a new regime of human rights by expanding the meaning of fundamental right to equality, life and personal liberty. In this process, the right to speedy trial, free legal aid, dignity, means and livelihood, education, housing, medical care, clean environment, right against torture, sexual harassment, solitary confinement, bondage and servitude, exploitation and so on emerge as human rights. These new re-conceptualised rights provide legal resources to activate the courts for their enforcement through PIL. 2) By democratization of access to justice. This is done by relaxing the traditional rule of locus standi. Any public spirited citizen or social action group can approach the court on behalf of the oppressed classes. Courts attentio n can be drawn even by writing a letter or sending a telegram.This has been called epistolary jurisdiction. 3) By fashioning new kinds of reliefs under the courts writ jurisdiction. For example, the court can award interim compensation to the victims of governmental lawlessness. This stands in sharp contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model of adjudication where interim relief is limited to preserving the status quo pending final decision. The grant of compensation in PIL matters does not preclude the aggrieved person from bringing a civil suit for damages. In PIL cases the court can fashion any relief to the victims. 4) By judicial monitoring of State institutions such as jails, womens protective homes, juvenile homes, mental asylums, and the like.Through judicial invigilation, the court seeks gradual improvement in their management and administration. This has been characterized as creeping jurisdiction in which the court takes over the administration of these institutions for protecting human rights. 5) By devising new techniques of fact-finding. In most of the cases the court has appointed its own socio-legal commissions of inquiry or has deputed its own official for investigation. Sometimes it has taken the help of National Human Rights Commission or Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or experts to inquire into human rights violations. This may be called investigative litigation.ConclusionPublic Interest Litigation is working as an important instrument of social change. It is working for the welfare of every section of society. Its the sword of every one used only for taking the justice. The innovation of this legitimate instrument proved beneficial for the developing country like India. PIL has been used as a strategy to combat the atrocities prevailing in society. Its an institutional initiative towards the welfare of the needy class of the society. In Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Supreme Court ordered for the release of bonded labourers. In Murli S. Dogra v. Union of India, the Supreme Court banned smoking in public places. In a landmark judgment of Delhi Domestic Working Womens Forum v. Union of India, Supreme Court issued guidelines for rehabilitation and compensation for the rape on working women. In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, Supreme court has laid down exhaustive guidelines for preventing sexual harassment of working women in place of their work It would be appropriate to conclude by quoting Cunningham, Indian PIL might rather be a Phoenix a whole new creative arising out of the ashes of the old order.PIL represents the first attempt by a developing common law country to break away from legal imperialism perpetuated for centuries. It contests the assumption that the most western the law, the better it must work for economic and social development such law produced in developing states, including India, was the development of under developed men. The shift from legal centralism to legal pluralism was prompted by the disillusionment with formal legal system. In India, however instead of seeking to evolve justice- dispensing mechanism ousted the formal legal system itself through PIL. The change as we have seen, are both substantial and structural.It has radically altered the traditional judicial role so as to enable the court to bring justice within the reach of the common man. Further, it is humbly submitted that PIL is still is in experimental stage. Many deficiencies in handling the kind of litigation are likely to come on the front. But these deficiencies can be removed by innovating better techniques. In essence, the PIL develops a new jurisprudence of the accountability of the state for constitutional and legal violations adversely affecting the interests of the weaker elements in the community. We may end with the hope once expressed by Justice Krishna Iyer, The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes