Hydroponics figure with capion and fianl data table Lab Report

Hydroponics figure with capion and fianl data table - laboratory Report ExampleHowever, the experiment was done accurately as the results were astonishingly bad. This may be referable to inaccuracy in the measurement of calcium or other factors. The control of the measurement water, sunlight, temperature, the pH value of the tank farming was also significant as it also contributed to the resulted found. The numbers were arrived at by observing, measuring and recording the value in the above table.We did this experiment to determine the effect of calcium on Spinach Tyee. It was done all over a period of six weeks. Throughout this time, we were capable of observing changes in the plants as from group to three, for instance, the change of leaves were different as from group one to three. All the three groups experienced different colours of the leaves, the amount of roots, and leaf sizes, etc. this indicated that calcium has an effect on the growth of Spinach Tyee.I think the in itiatory thing that went wrong is that is somehow when measuring the amount of calcium. This might have affected the color, stem diameter, the share of leaf discolored among others. It was also challenging to measure the pH of the solution because some people are color blind.The color of leaf was different for all the groups. The diameter of the stem for all groups were different as in the case of group one, the diameter was smaller compared to group 2 and three

Environment issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environment issue - Essay ExampleThey have various remarkable properties due to which hatful prefer using them as comp atomic number 18d to paper peachs. Their production is cheaper. These are light weight, easy to carry around, cost-effective and durable, and the consumer as such does not learn any harm using them in packing their stuff. We intake them during our shopping spree. We stupefy eatables in them and put them in our refrigerators. We store things in them so that they remain harmless for years. We line our bathroom bins with them. Plastic bags are all over our environment. We see pliant bags blowing around on streets and in the weewees. We see them clustered to runher at a place blocking the sewage lines. And we see people collecting their litter in the plastic bags and throwing them in garbage cans. 3. Problems with the tradition of Plastic Bags 3.1. persecute to the Environment Often, we see someone collecting plastic bags and burning them. But do they disappear ? No, and this is what is the biggest difficulty with these plastic bags. They do not disappear and they cannot be recycled into something else. They are made up of polyethylene which is a non-degradable material and just changes its shape when burnt but does not change its form. It is believed that a plastic bag takes thousands of years to decay entirely. So, it continues to be present in our surroundings as a permanent problem. The incumbrance actually arises when people do not dispose of the plastic bags properly. This is this unethical disposal that becomes the real care for the environment. 6.9 billion bags are used in the world every year, and almost 30 million of them blockade up clustering at dumpsites per year (James & Grant 20051). The aesthetic view of the surroundings also gets spoiled. 3.2. broadcast Pollution Burning them at dumpsites eliminates hazardous chemicals such as dioxins and furans, which get inhaled by people thereof damaging their health. Since these chemicals are toxic, they pose threats to the human body and give rise to diseases resulting from air pollution. Dioxins and furans are chemicals which are believed to destroy the purity of air and this fact is internationally accepted. 3.3. Hazards for Sea Life With increase in the usage of plastic bags, the marine environment is being forced to accept increased quantities of plastic debris. When the used plastic bags get clustered over rivers and seas, they become a hazard for marine mammals, fish, seabirds, crustaceans and turtles that ingest them or get entangled, and then die because of suffocation. Ingested plastics may block digestive tracts, damage stomach linings, or lessen supply drives (Laist 2006319). 3.4. Suffocation Plastic bags have also been found of being responsible for taking lives of many infants who put them on their faces and inside their mouths or nostrils, and may die of suffocation because plastic bags are air-tight. 3.5. Blockage of waste pipe System Plas tic bags can also block the drainage system which damages sanitation. Dirty water starts oozing out of the drains on the streets and into the houses in cities where drainage system is already not properly implemented. go and mosquitoes breed in this water and then they bring dirt onto the eatables which when digested by human beings makes them ill with diseases comparable cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, and

The Case Marbury V. Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Case Marbury V. Madison - Essay ExampleThus, this historic eccentric person created the concept of Judicial Review or the capability of the Judiciary declaring a law unconstitutional. The court reason hence resulted to the Judiciary, Legislative & Executive branches of the political relation is on an evener power basis ultimately setting the causation for an infinite number of future historic decisions (Marbury versus Madison, 1803).On the become day in office, Adams the president licenced sixteen new justices for the circuit court and forty-two peace justices for the Columbia district in his last day in office under the Organic Act, which was meant taking control of the Judiciary of the Federal government by the Federalists before Thomas Jefferson took office. The commissions were consequently signed by President John Adams & sealed by the then acting State Secretary, John Marshall (author of the opinion of this case) before he becomes the mash of arrogant Chief Justice. However, the commissions were not submitted before the end of John Adamss term as the president of the U.S. resulting to rejection of the appointments by Thomas Jefferson who termed them as invalid on grounds that they were not submitted before the end of John Adamss term as the president (Marbury versus Madison, 1803).Therefore, this prompted William Marbury one of the appointees filing a writ of mandamus before the Court of Supreme, which had original jurisdiction issuing writs of mandamus to any persons holding office or courts under the U.S. authority, to cause Madison, the Stare Secretary delivering the new appointments. However, supreme led by John Marshall rejected on grounds that the move was unconstitutional under some part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (Marbury versus Madison, 1803).

Compare Musical and Opera Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare tuneful and opera house - Essay ExampleIn comparing Musical and Opera, one can base the aim relating to their source, historical background, development and their evolution. However, this paper shall discuss the key features that compare Musicals from the Operas. In the present time, people bewray to provide a clear distinction between the two, and instead define any form of enjoyment executeance with music as musicals, and some famous music singers confuse their musicals with Opera (http//www.aria-database.com/). Musical theaters shortly referred, as Musicals is a style used in theater, whereby the metrical compositions, dances, and oral dialogue integrate to narrate a story. In the contemporary world, a musical takes various forms as long as it aims at narrating a story. For that reason, musical could be a stage performance, a film/television presentation and it combines the forward-looking and the cognize music styles and discourse in narrating the entire story (ht tp//www.aria-database.com/). Opera is classified under a indisputable form of theater, in which a musical group and singers incorporates sheet music and libretto also known as the text in contemporary language to narrate a story. On the other hand, performance of musicals takes ramble in theatres. Presentation of musicals could be staged or televised. ... Another key difference between Musicals and operas is in terms of language used. While performing musicals, the audience understands the performance language. For instance, Musicals developed in England and America is performed in English regardless of whether the developer comes from non- English-speaking nations. Together with that, the singing, dancing, and dialogue follow the rules of the popular music, popular dance styles, and the modern dialogues. Musicals have three major characteristic the brain, the heart and courage (Kagen, 1968). The Brain in order to perform musicals, the developer should have required intelligence and necessary writing style. On the other hand, the heart calls for the genuine tang while developing the story, and lastly, courage calls for one to have the ability, creativity, and boldness in presenting something. This is very diverse from an Opera, in that, there is comprehensive training of the singers, classical singers in this context, and they are required to memorize and present the song without making any translations (http//opera.stanford.edu/main.html). In addition, there are numerous well-known opera styles in different languages, for instance, the Italian Opera, the German Opera, Russian opera, French opera, and lastly Englishlanguage opera. The performance of each Opera takes a different style (http//opera.stanford.edu/main.html). Based on their production, musicals and Operas portray many differences. First, Opera upholds music as the livelihood of production, whilst musical depends on text written and the story narrated. In the modern time, the Operas are open o n classical music. It relates the way one would visualize the Mozarts classical music

Questions for the Project ( B2B project) and Analysis the company of Essay

Questions for the Project ( B2B project) and Analysis the keep company of luminultra friendship in the upstream oil and atom smasher - Essay ExampleThe upstream segment involves the extraction of gas and oil as well as the shipping of those raw materials to be processed. To gain traction in the perseverance, LuminUltra ensures that the early adopters remain a small number of consumers, nowhere near the quantity required for deal adoption. Similarly, these buyers must be youthful, high-income personnel who already can afford the services. It is expected that the early adoption be centered in locations that are primarily effective in terms of infrastructure. On the other hand, the innovators run to be extremely sensitive to matters concerning the environment, price sensitive, and there are chances that they are accommodated specifically according to their potency and effort. Ultimately, mass adoption is often motivated by the expansion of competitive offerings. Consumers coming on get along with are referred to as early majority and includes those consumers whose probability to buy the services after the early adopter consumers are high. ... It is logical to argue that the complexity of the marketing messages makes it very broad to handle at more or less points in its operations. In the mainstream customer support, the target consumers consist of several realists. When the company starts to develop its communication efforts, it should modify the fact that realists are skeptical and care less about the oil and gas products or the technologies link to them. Instead, such realists concern themselves with the company and the markets. Its message should position the rest of the products in relation to the specific logical argument issues that realists consider precedence in their market segment (Lemstra, Hayes, Stanley, Heijl, & Tuch, 2011) Apart from changing the audience and the message itself, the company should bear in mind that the realists seek dive rse types o evidence using the media very unalike from that of the markets earlier. Since realists are market-oriented, they are directed by market validation as opposed to technology validation, seek the most cost-effective manner in which to address their business-related problems. Disregarding this fact will possibly hold back the company from crossing the chasm to the mass market. Most information is obtained basically from esteemed industry sources like publications and industry analysts. Successfully, the company has to develop beyond mainstream customer support. At this point, the marketing messaging effort must sprain much sophisticated than before. In this sense therefore, they will necessitate increased involvement from specialists such as PR firms, advertising agencies and designers. Lastly, the companys message must make its way

2 questions about the Carlu in toronto Assignment

2 questions about the Carlu in toronto - Assignment ExampleIt is also mostly used for fashion shows items and marketing award.The room is versatile and this ensures it serves its usance effectively. Besides being a masterpiece of modern art, the room is circular with domed ceiling that soak up circular mouldings that add to the beauty of the shoot for. At the centre of the room there is a fountain that is illuminate from below. The murals done on the wall show nice scenes of pastoral life and they add to the beauty of the place. The place is spacious, well arranged and well lit. This makes the venue versatile and suitable for the various events that are held in it. The staffs at the venue are attentive and well organised. They are friendly and they offer quality services.The procedure of the event bus at Carlu is ensuring the various events such as festivals, conferences, exhibition, fundraising, social events, product launches and promotions are successful. He produces commi nuted proposals for the events held at the venue. He provides the client with the timelines, legal obligation, budgets and the necessary staffing depending on the event at hand (Carlu, 2014). The manager also liaises with the clients to confirm the precise requirements of the events. Most importantly he schedules the events on a first uprise first served basis to ensure all clients are treated equally and fairly. The manager has a role to ensure legal, insurance, safety and health obligation are adhered to.The event manager oversees the coordination of venue management, stand designers, caterers and equipment hire. He has to ensure the clients demands are met before and after the events. The manager also organises for traffic direction and control, car parking, cordial reception and security (Carlu, 2014). He has to ensure that the people who attend the events are safe and also their property is safe. This plays a big role in

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Eassy - Essay ExamplePut differently, incidences of sexual and wondering(a) drinking behaviors have been in the time immemorial become preeminently prevalent particularly among sorority and association members as opposed to other students in the campuses. In opposition to doing away with Greek animation henceforth, exactly smaller colleges have resorted to doing away with sorority a concept whose eligibility is in questionable doubt. This paper, therefore, explains the misunderstandings and misconceptions surrounding fraternities and sororities ban in colleges.Doing away with Greek life completely becomes a complex attribute towards the limitations of college students freedoms and rights. in that locationfore, tooshie Greek life be done away with completely? Or are there potentially unintended or intended consequence engulfed in between the ban of Greek life in colleges? Various small liberal arts college campuses have actually made the move of mitigating Greek life in their i nstitutions. Larger colleges, on the other hand, have contradictorily failed to reject Greek life fraternities and sororities are powerful social life determinants of these organizations. Banning fraternities and sororities in colleges is, therefore, complex in nature because of cultural miscellanea in this institutions and their primary concern as institutions in relation to socialization processes.Banning fraternities in colleges and its impossibilities There is cordially the risk that if colleges crap off fraternities, then this vice will form an own contribute outside campuses. Fraternities and sororities are still evident in campuses, and have gained strong roots in the novel campuses more than the olden exhibition of fraternities and sororities (Lee & William 121). Exhibiting sororities currently, as a way of social life, is rhetorical thus unavoidably no answer from anybody. Actually, the rhetorical and assumption nature of fraternities and sororities is evident in the hi gher education systems such(prenominal) as the

Historical Development of Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Historical Development of Policing - Essay ExampleAmerican officers conveyed weapons and has been under summon of politically named likeness area skippers. Remiss order prompted plenteous union.Significantly, police pass away has crucially gr give from what it was hundreds of years prior. Nowadays, mundane foundations of socialization and social control, such as the family, schools, and the congregation, diminished in viability, police turned out to be progressively vital (Schaible & Gecas, 2010). Policing in a free society is not a simple assignment. The backchat in the middle of opportunity and protection from integrity perspective and social control and disorder on the other is likely a standout amongst the most troublesome issues that face a socialized society. It is important to bakshish out a number of challenges the police officers are bound to face at go.Essentially, police work keeps on being required for upkeep of proper order, and considerably even more so in prese nt day society in view of the nations differences. Yet, not everyone preferences the work of police and their officers. People frequently see them even from a pessimistic standpoint times and they are used to such a situation (Schaible & Gecas, 2010). In any case, it causes police officers to feel the need to watch out so that soul cannot take a swing, punch, kick, or hit them with anything. Another thing that is a great challenge of a policing job is issues connected with health, both physical and mental. Employment issues supercede family matters, which regularly has extreme outcomes, as the police officer thinks about saving people in danger firsthand, even before thinking about own health and the wellbeing of the family.Huge anxiety can be caused by the way police officers work - shifts. Officers encounter a sort of plane slack with continually evolving movements. The human body takes roughly one full 24-hour day to conform to each hour of time change (Sanders, 2003).

Terrorism in gobal world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

terrorist act in gobal world - Essay ExampleThis paper seeks to examine some of the advantages of compulsion as an actor of counterterrorism insurance policy. The paper will draw from examples where coercion has been applied to extract information regarding terrorism.As a counterterrorism policy instrument, coercion has some significant advantages that accompany it. Coercion plays the role of deterrence and preventing any likelihood of terrorists to strike in criminal activities. For example, the joined States counterterrorism strategy and policy advocates for the intimidation of suspects through the use of coercion and force. In its counterterrorism policy, the United States advocates for the capturing of suspects and holding them prisoners (Bolz et al., 2005). Besides, the US advocates for the application of forceful means to get information from terrorists. Such coercion works since no terrorist dares engage in terrorist activities due to the harsh conditions attributed with coercion.Most governments perceive the use of coercion as an effective way of fighting terrorism. There may be a tendency to cuss on threats of punishment as a way of countering the likelihood of terrorist attacks. For example, such acts as kidnapping terrorists with a view to extract information play an essential role of punishment. Through such strategies, the terrorist will raise information, which can help in the prevention of a terrorist attack. Strategies such as cover and overt paramilitary force and military action play an essential role in pre-empting and preventing terrorist groups (Crank & Patricia 2005, p. 26).Coercion can also be effective when gathering information from countries and people believed to be harboring terrorists. Through coercion, people who harbor terrorists fear the consequences of organism caught. As a result, they tend to refrain from harboring dangerous terrorist groups that may pose a danger to the world. For example, the United States applies tr ade sanctions on countries believed to host

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Case Study - judge Exampleove, however, can non be established since the available evidence makes it app bent that the omission or misstatement of material facts was not deliberate. SEC recognizes misrepresentation as an offence (Miller et al., 2008, Page 572).In suing Mitchell & Moss and demanding recovery, those who purchased the malefactor & Company shares of stock would demonstrate their argument on negligence on the part of the former and its major deviations from the stipulated norms of auditing and due diligence standards. They are further required to provide evidence that (i) they were third party beneficiaries in the contract between Mitchell & Moss and the Whitlow & Company and (ii) Mitchell & Moss is legally obliged to act without negligence in the audit of the Whitlow & Company. There sure were instances in which such claims by third party found favour, the conventional viewpoint is that it is iniquitous to implicate auditors with unlimited liability on charge of ne gligence. The present case is broadly within the scope of the last mentioned view.Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 imposes civil liability on accountants for misstatements and omissions of material facts (Miller et al., 2008, Page 650). On the alkali of this, Jackson asserts that she suffered a loss by relying upon the financial statements, prepared and certified by Mitchell & Moss, which were misleading. This claim for recovery of damage, however, is valid only if she succeeds in establishing that the untruth or omission was not known to her at the meter of purchasing the Whitlow & Company shares of stock.Jacksons is a case of potential liability in the plaintiffs favor in which it becomes entirely the defendants responsibility to explain wherefore he should not be held liable. One option available for Mitchell & Moss is to argue that the alleged omission or untruth could, in all likeliness, be deemed to be known to Jackson, she being a member of the snobbish Placement Group having access to and sound knowledge of

Differences between underinsured Immigrant Children and American Research Paper

Differences between under verify person Immigrant Children and American Children, and insured children in United States - Research Paper ExampleCensus Bureau 2). According to numerate report 2007, there were approximately 45.7million uninsured people in the country which the entire world learn as the worlds economic giant. This paper will look into the differences between the underinsured immigrants and American children, and the insured children in the United States.Depending on ones definition of underinsurance, 8 to 26% of common soldierly insured community under 65 years of age is underinsured. Enrollees with group insurance constitute 90% of persons with private insurance and they argon a substantial majority of the underinsured (U.S. Census Bureau 1). However, from one-third to two-third of all groups of enrollees are underinsured. Under some definitions of underinsurance, women and their dependants are underinsured at about twice the rate for men and their dependants. Even though vulner adequate to(p) populations are more likely to need healthcare portions, many are not able to access them. A number of reasons are cited for this phenomenon, but one of the most problematic is the lack of healthcare insurance. More precisely, in 2007, more than 45 million people in the United States did not subscribe to health insurance benefits. These groups are particularly affected by escalating healthcare costs and reductions in service within a community. The elderly, poor children and growing numbers of individuals who are not properly represented in employment are the most affected (Sered and Fernandopulle 19).According to the Child Health web page of the Childrens Defense Funds web site, of the nine million uninsured children, 40.8 per centumage are White, 31.7 percent are Hispanic, 19.8 percent are Black, 5.1 percent are Asian or Pacific Islander and 2.6 percent are American Indian or Alaskan Native. According to United States Census Bureau website, the p opulation of Miami Dade stands at 3.7million. Of this population, 21% of the people are not insured. Of this

Entrepreneurship and lnnovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Entrepreneurship and lnnovation - hear ExampleInnovative ideas among young people are in the present times being distinct to greater extents since they not only possess positive attitude, but they also have the opportunities to use their ideas and noesis towards contributing to the business world as a whole. However, the innovative ideas generated by the youth might not always be supported in the business world owing to their lack of experience. In such(prenominal) cases, new ideas might remain hidden. However, in many situations this might not be the case. The present muse focuses on an innovative business idea and thus reflects on an outline stating the requirements of the business in ground of market analysis, marketing and sales, operations, logistics, human resources, and financials. The innovative business that has been thought of for the report is the business of cold plights whose base component would be harvest-times but would taste like cold drinks. Table of Content s Page 1. teaching of Who We atomic number 18 and What We Are Selling,.5 2. Statement of Innovative Opportunity,..5 3. Market and Competitive Analysis,6 4. Financials8 5. ... References.14 10. Appendices17 List of Tables Page Table 1 UK Soft Drinks Consumption, 2003-20097 List of Appendices Page appurtenance A Projected Cash Flow Statement for the Company17 1. Statement of Who We Are and What We Are Selling The creation of new jobs has been considered as the most significant influence of the innovations and entrepreneurships positively contributing to the saving of any country. Moreover, newer ways of performances and tasks are formed as a result of the innovative idea (Importance of Entrepreneurship, n.d.). The partnership that is in the plan of making is focused on manufacturing of a drink product that has the attributes of both the fruit drinks unite with cold drinks keeping in mind the health effects and thus lessening them. The foretell of the company has been thought to be Drinking Fruits. Thus a consumer would feel the tastes of both. The mission of the company would be to connect the taste of the product with the consumers preferences. The vision is to become a world class drink product company and spread across internationally reaching the tastes of consumers. In order to be successful, an telling management team would be decided. Such a team would have management team members in the divisions of Marketing, Finance, Information Technology as well as Human Resources. The top of the company would be the point Executive Officer or the CEO. 2. Statement of Innovative Opportunity The uniqueness of the product lies in the combined effect of the

Explain the main determinants of exchange rate behavior in the long Essay

Explain the main determinants of throw rate behavior in the long run and in the short run. In the context of your analysis di - Essay ExampleThe speculation concept in this securities industry has made it hard for achievement of stability. Gains and losings can be made in the same breath in this marketplace. This presents a challenge in both the macro and micro economics world. The factors that influence this behaviour in the orthogonal flip market has been a topic of concern to many scholars and economists the world over. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the main determinants of rally rate behaviour both in the short-run and long-run by illuminating a minute of theories and explain why exchange rates tend to be volatile and notoriously hard to predict. To better(p) understand the exchange rates, the paper will first discuss the impertinent exchange market and thence it will look at the exchange rate regimes. The The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the asset market ap proach through the Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIRP) will also be canvass here. Overview of the Foreign Exchange Market As the name suggests, a foreign exchange market is a market where currencies are traded. Foreign exchange market is also known as forex market. In this market, gold is traded for other money. This is the basic definition of the foreign exchange market but in broader terms, the foreign exchange market is not restricted to the exchange of currencies. ... Gains are made in the same breath as losses in this market. This is so because the bell of the currency in the market is determined by forces of take in and supply (Carbaugh, 2011). The financial market like goods market obeys the laws of demand and supply the demand for currency varies inversely with price (Williamson, 2009). If demand for a currency increases its price increases (appreciates) making it unattractive in the market. Buyers thus pound to buying products where value of currency is low leading to depreciation of the currency until equilibrium is reached. For example, in a market involving dollars and pounds whereby the dollar is the domestic currency and the pound is the foreign currency, an increase in demand for foreign currency (pound) results in depreciation of the domestic currency (dollar) while an increase in supply of foreign currency leads to appreciation of the dollar until equilibrium is reached (Sercu and Uppal, 1995). The demand and supply concept As shown in consider 1, Do represents the demand curve for pounds while So represents the supply curve. Equilibrium exchange rate is obtained at the point where demand curve intersects with supply curve (point E). At this point, the exchange rate of dollars per pound is motionless hence the market is efficient (Carbaugh, 2011 p. 399). The demand curve in this case represents the desire of the Americans to purchase British goods, services and assets and by observing the law of demand the US demand for pound varies inversely with price. If price increases, the demand for pounds decreases and if price decreases the demand for pound increases. This means that if the dollar price of pound increases, exports from

PEST(LE) Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

PEST(LE) Analysis - Essay ExampleIn UK market, there is further scope of growth for the company. UKs consumer market demand is well aligned with business strategies of IKEA. The company has been able to secure desirable market share due to its effective cost control strategies, continuous new product development and agonistical operational procedure. IKEA is inclined towards offering low prices to customers for its wide array of innovative products.According to Allen (2006), PESTEL analysis is a strategic shot that helps to determine key drivers of change present in the business environment. The main components of this tool are political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. Political factors stands for government policy which directly impacts workplace environment, technology quality, wellness and safety conditions, etc. Economic conditions include interest rates, rate of economic growth and taxation charges. hearty factors relate to all possible eve nts which are affecting community and market socially (Allen, 2006). As per das and Teng (2009), it comprises of population dynamics, cultural expectations, norms, health consciousness, etc. Technology factor states that new products or processes are highly-developed with the support of advanced technology. This factor facilitates quality enhancement, innovation and reduction in overall costs. Legal flavour corresponds to legislative and regulatory framework that governs countries of operations or respective product areas. Environmental factors encompass changes in climate and weather. Environmental awareness is an area of concern for all business organizations (Das and Teng, 2009).Research methodology lays the al-Qaida for any research study. Any study can be classified as quantitative or qualitative research study. Quantitative study deals with market related data which can be statistically analyzed. On the other hand, qualitative study is opinions or views of experts. There ar e two

Relationship Between Land Use and Transportation in European Cities Essay

kinship Between Land Use and Transportation in European Cities - Essay ExampleIncreased go through usage for preparing better exile facilities is causing big problems in most parts of the world. In the urban context, almost 80% of the citizens of the European Union are concentrated and most of transport related environmental, health and social problems occur there (Achieving Sustainable Transport and contribute Use With unified Policies, p.4). Although most land use factors have modest individual impacts, typically affecting just a few pct of total travel, they are cumulative and synergistic(Land Use Impacts on Transport, p.3). This paper briefly analyses the relationship amidst land use and transportation in European cities, and how these help to address issues related to sustain powerfulness with the help of examples. nigh 80% of the EU15 population lives in urban areas, and the transport of goods and deal in these urban areas accounts for an important section of all tran sport kilometres in Europe. Per capita car ownership rates have increased over the previous(prenominal) decades in close all cities (Achieving Sustainable Transport and land Use With Integrated Policies, p.6). Compared to the people in another(prenominal) parts of the world, Europeans are staying mostly in urban areas and therefore their reliance on automobiles and other transportation infrastructure are more. ... Better infrastructure related to transportation may motivate people to purchase more vehicles for their person al use whereas lack of transportation facilities may demotivate people from doing so. employment congestion often leads toward road accidents and thousands of Europeans die in every year as a expiration of that. Increased land use for construction of roads and rails may cause diminish approachability of land for other purposes. It should be noted that the market share of the public transports in Europe is decrease every year because of the increase in priva te carriers. To achieve sustainability goals, Europe should think seriously nearly decoupling of transport growth significantly from growth in Gross Domestic Product in pronounce to reduce congestion and other negative side-effects of transport (Achieving Sustainable Transport and land Use With Integrated Policies, p.9). More focus should be given to the development of rail facilities than road facilities. Increased rail facilities and decreased road facilities would force the public to use public carriers more frequently and thereby sustainability goals with respect to transportation can be achieved up to certain extent. Land use patterns affect accessibility, peoples ability to reach desired services and activities, which affects mobility, the amount and type of travel activity (Land Use Impacts on Transport, p.6). In a rapidly moving world, the importance of transportation cannot be neglected. The value of time is increasing virtually in very second and therefore better transpo rtation facilities are necessary to avoid wastage of time. At the same time, it is unwise to expand the transportation facilities beyond certain limits. There should be a

Comparative Politics Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Politics Midterm - Essay modelThe answer to this question is simple and straightforward. This is the most popular pattern of democracy, practical from the functional point of visit of the government in power. In a democracy, the political political party that wins the election, turns to be the powerful chair and the party/parties those ar defeated turn to be chair-less powers Elucidating this issue further Arend Lijphart writes, The majoritarianism-consensus contrast arises from the most basic and veridical definition of democracy-government by the people or, in representative democracy, government by the representative of the peopleand chairman Abraham Lincolns famous further stipulation that democracy means government not only by simply also for the peoplethat is government in accordance with the peoples preferences.(1) From the technical point of view, and going the by the normal book of democracy, the issue is clear. The party in majority, rules the country a nd its decisions are final and legally binding on the people.The Consensus Model is to accommodate for the viewpoints of the other party /parties, even though they have lost the election are obliged to sit in the opposition benches. In this model, there is always room for the others. They believe, two heads are better than one. Lijphart throws more light of the functioning of such democracies and he comments, The alternative answer to the dilemma is as many as possible. This is the crux of the consensus model. It does not differ from the majoritartian model on accepting that majority rule is better than minority rule, but it accepts majority only as a minimum requirement kind of of being satisfied with narrow decision-making majorities, it seeks to maximize the size of these majorities.(2) Working as per the guidelines of this model, the majority party does not believe that whatever it decides is correct rather it is willing to believe and implement, whatever correct is there, belo ngs to all.The French frame of

Country Music Essay Example for Free

Country unison EssayCountry medicine is sensation form of music that has some(prenominal) an extensive history and besides has a prominent place in the public consciousness right now. It is one of the most provoke types of music because of the point that some commonwealth completely misunderstand where it came from and its roots. though a good deal of the history demesne music can be traced to many southern venues, it has since grown to be a much much national type of phenomenon, with influence stretching from Bakersfield, atomic number 20 to the Atlantic coast of the United States. Performers now observe from all over the creation to take part in the democracy music phenomenon and in recent years the, demesne music has gained a much more mainstream following than it had in the past. By both celebrating its roots and beingness willing to branch out to reach tender listeners, nation music as a whole has positioned itself for much greater success in the future, as well. In order to real understand the origins of unpolished music, one has to look as far back as the turn of the ordinal century.though country did not truly get its start until later, the groundwork for the industry was being dictated by participants who probably did not even know what country music was. grizzly jazz musicians and perform gospel singers provided the original motivation for what would become the country music movement. Singers would later draw influences from those old styles in order to develop the characteristic country good for you(p) that is so pop and prevalent in straight offs music world. Country officially got its start in 1921 in Bristol, Tennessee. out front that time, people had been telling songs in order to pass down stories and to fill the idle time, but there had never been an organised country music industry. According to Roughstocks History of Country melody, Although musicians had been recording fiddle tunes (known as Old Time Musi c at that time) in the southern Appalachians for several years, It wasnt until August 1, 1927 in Bristol, Tennessee, that Country Music actually began. There, on that day, Ralph Peer signed Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family to recording contracts for Victor Records (Roughstock).Those two prevalent acts laid the role model for country to come, and they are both remembered for their innovation and their ability to connect with singers of that time. Over the course of time, country music has seen many different movements that have all helped to shape the legal that is prevalent right away. The bluegrass movement, headed up by the famous Bill Monroe of Kentucky was a type of music where people relied heavily on the banjo, the acoustic guitar, and the mandolin.Before Monroe starting experimenting with these instruments, people had never thought to use the guitar as a lead instrument before. This Bluegrass sound would prove to be a characterizing sound and it has influenced many o f todays most customary singers, including women wish well Allison Krause. According to Jeri Rowe of The News and Record, the Bill Monroe movement is something that almost all of the famous musicians have matte up over the course of time. According to Rowe, Ask anyone familiar with bluegrass music and theyll probably have a Bill Monroe moment (Rowe, 1996).Other movements have become popular in country music, including the innovations that came along with the Bakersfield sound. Though country music had long had its roots in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, young people out in California variety showd the way that people thought about the country music industry by expanding the sound to include something of an Outlaw movement (Encyclopedia of Country Music). Among those people who led this popular movement were Merle Haggard, who became a interpretive program for the common man during his time.His songs interchangeable Long Haired Country Boy and Okie from Muskogee do him fa mous. Another famed musician that was a part of the progressive country movement, as it came to be called, was Willie Nelson. Nelson is known as a popular singer and songwriter today and he has worked alongside dozens of extremely popular musicians during his career. He interpret songs the like Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain and Mommas, Dont Let your Babies uprise up to be Cowboys that were able to really connect to fans on a very personal level. atomic number 53 of the unique things about the country music industry is that all of these different movements have helped to create the sound that characterizes country music today. Starting with the Outlaw movement, the Bluegrass movement, and things like the Nashville sound, people have begun to concur all of these different elements to create a very real sound of today. The Nashville sound is something that came about, as one might guess, in the heart of country music located in Nashville. This came about when Roy Acuff made the Gran d Ole Opry in Nashville a popular thing.It started out as just one of the many barn translates that played country music across the powerful radio airwaves. Over time, the Grand Ole Opry became much more than that. It came to characterize the Nashville sound, which was a new sound that included things like the old leaf blade guitar and drums in the background. The Nashville sound changed the way people felt about country music, as musicians like Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs brought their unique methods to Nashville and gained popularity.All in all, the Nashville sound represented a brand new vision for country music, where people could experiment with different things on the highest level at the Grand Ole Opry. The Opry gave legitimacy to these acts and people began to quickly respond to the new techniques and new sounds that they were hearing up on the re-create (Hemphill). Today, the country music world has moved even more into the mainstream than it was in the past. It is s afe to say that widespread radio is what helped country music take off and now people are enjoying it in different ways.When things like TNN and CMT came about, country music was put on video recording for the world to see. Though this made some people in the country music world mad because the networks opted for the new styles and neglected some of the older heroes of country music, it helped the industry at large. population could not watch country music as much as they wanted and they could begin to put faces with the voices that they had heard on the radio. The innovation of music on television really helped the country music industry as much as it helped all of the other music industries. more than records are sell today than ever before, as people like George Strait have sold hundreds of millions of records. Strait owns the record for most number one hits for a singer, while the South Carolina- found group aluminium owns the record for most number one hits for a group. Othe r acts that have become popular today are people like Garth Brooks, who helped change the way country music was looked at in a sense of live performances. Brooks turned the country music world into something of a rock show and made the shows more appealing to younger people.In the past, country music had been looked at as something that was a little bit boring when seen in concert. People went to see country music shows because they liked the sound of the music, not because they wanted to be entertained. This all changed when Brooks came about in the late 1980s. He added things like lights and great technology to his shows. The sound was impressive and finally the country music world was able to contend with the rock world at least on some level. This was a very important change for country music and predictably, more and more artists starting footing up where Brooks left off.It is comme il faut to say that the country music world has not been completely embraced by the media at large, but the media has at least picked up on the national importance of some of the acts. In the past, the country music world might have been pushed off to the side with the rock and roll world taking center stage a little bit more. People are now coming to realize that rock and country are much more inter-connected than they might have originally imagined and that country music deserves to be accept for its huge following.With country music selling at high rates in record stores and television channels getting great ratings, there is no choice in the national media but to pick up on the new and changing times, even if they do not totally believe everything that is being said. There is some perception out there that country music is a music based in the south and for southern people, though evidence has been provided to the contrary. virtuoso media controversy worth remembering happened with the popular group The Dixie Chicks, who were ostracized by the media and the mainstream country music world for their comments about President George W. Bush.Their political maunder earned them a place on the proverbial country music blacklist. A Gazette newspaper publisher article speaks to the fact that the controversy may have been overblown by some media outlets, as country music singers are certainly not the first musicians to speak out in a political way. In fact, music has always been an avenue for this type of free speech. That article says, Even entertainers have a right to say whatever they want to about U. S. foreign policy and politics and in fact, many have been doing so for decades, getting rich and famous while thumbing their noses at the nation that makes them so (Gazette).One of the concerns of many country musicians today is that the media is willing to give time to the current stars, but no one will recognize the people who laid the framework for the country music movement. One People pickup article quotes popular country music star Alan Jackson talking about living fabrication George Jones and how no one is willing to recognize him. The article writes, Jackson spokeswoman Kay West said Alan was inspired by a visit to Jones earlier this year in the hospital after Jones was involved in a near-fatal car wreck.Alan said that had George Jones died there, there would have been a 10-minute tribute to him on the show, West said. But he lived, and they wouldnt give him three minutes (People). All in all, country music seems to be growing at a faster rate than it ever has. Helped along by more coverage in the media and the fact that more and more types of musicians are currently getting involved in country music, the industry has taken off at a higher degree than most might have imagined in the past.Though the roots of country music are strong and many people seek to preserve and note those roots, there is no denying that the industry in branching out in a desire to structured new fans and new acts alike going into the future. W ith that in mind, the future of the industry is strong and as inactive as it can possibly be. Works Cited Hemphill, Paul. The Nashville Sound. 30 September 2005. Everthemore Press. Kingsbury, Paul. The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford 2004. People Magazine.Country Music Controversy. 2008. http//www. people. com/people/article/0,,616549,00. hypertext mark-up language Roughstocks History of Country Music. The Beginnings. http//www. roughstock. com/history/begin. html Rowe, Jeri. The News and Record. 12 September 1996. BILL MONROES INFLUENCE FELT BY MUSICIANS IN THE TRIAD study BLUEGRASS FANS REMEMBER BILL MONROE, THE FATHER OF BLUEGRASS MUSIC. The Gazette. 7 May 2003. Whistling Dixie freedom of speech not at issue in country music controversy.

Adult learning and motivation Essay Example for Free

Adult tuition and need EssayAn exploration in to the multi- balanceality of participatory behaviour and what motivates liberals to return to education. The look into suspense that was signly formulated aimed to inductively generate a possibleness (Rothchild 2006 Cohen et al., 2000). Unfortunately, the initial question became subject to ethical challenges and within a framework that would demonstrate rigour, lustiness and reliability, unsurprisingly it was far better too progression/explore the multi-dimensionality of participatory behaviour and what motivates ego-aggrandizings to return to education. An enquiry physiqueed around this approach has a better fit to a pragmatic framework (Armitage and Keeble-Allen, 2007 Bryman, 2007) and the BERA ethical directives. hike much, this should serve bolster the totality of coherence or as Moss et al., (2009) would paint a picture as a chain of terra firmaing and logic. Similarly, soul agency and how the contracts of e nceinte prentices ar co/re-constructed (Clark 2011 Flowers 2009 p. 3) needed a great kinship to an interpretivist epistemology (E891 Part 2 operation 2.9 Gage 1989). As the detective primarily everyplacelooked these factors that, in turn, run into what is seen as valid and invalid generate at that placefore those factors would consider been overlooked when inferences were made during the research bidding reducing the quality and internal and possibly external validity. Obviously, this incommensurability ordain be addressed before the research worker analyses each data generated (Bryman, 2007 p. 19).With these approaches better placed the researcher could demonstrate that habitually kindly and cognitive phenomena argon simultaneously duodecimal and qualitative (Ercikan and Roth, 2006 p.16) and participatory behaviour is an kayoedcome of the meaning-made (Clark 2011) i.e. neighborly-cognitive collocation. This would then show that cognition is co-constructed (Clark 2011) and re-constructed by experience resulting in the multiple interpretations that create the companionable realities in which sight act (Flowers 2009 p. 3).It could be signaled that the initial meaning-made is a primary motivator which persists until the time the learner feels satisfied (Park and Choi 2009), or, has achieved what they set out to achieve (Gustafsson Mouwitz, 2008). This likewise implies that meaning-made is mu bow (Gibbons Bylsma 1984) and subject to further co/re-construction ad alonement or complete aban forefatherment.Research philosophy subsequently extensive Adult learner research and talking with tutors that instruct large(p) learners gamylighted a perspicuous discrimination in the approaches from which children (Pedagogy teaching method) and adults (Andragogy teach how to learn) are taught. The implementation of idle learning methods, however, looks to learn dominance in the adult education field (Gibbons Bylsma 1984). Therefore, in o rder to shape and advance the supposition, research stick out and legal document/s needed conducting a focussed literature re posture of several learning theories (see fig 1) namely, Knowless Andragogy Theory (Houde 2006), Crosss Characteristics of Adult Learners (CAL) (Kohl-Frey and Schmid-Ruhe 2007 Crittenton Womens Union 2012), Margin (Gibbons Bylsma, 1984) and growth Theory (Gustafsson Mouwitz, 2008).Fig. 1 is showing the associated theories that characterize adult learners What becomes problematic is adult learning has not been researched as vigorously as early(a)s areas of education, so the real challenge sustain out be as Hodkinson and Macleod (2010) encountered to anchor the line of enquiry in a combined paradigmatic harbor. In contrast to Hodkinson and Macleod (2010), the upcoming report pull up stakes be combination the aforementioned theories with the following paradigms as they display a distinct homogeneity. Specifically, social (E891 Part 2 Action 2.5), and cognitive constructionism (De Abreu 2000), Interpretivism (E891 Part 2 Action 2.4 Gage 1989) with duodecimal and qualitative data collection i.e. multiform methodology.A critical review of the initial report by Street (2013) and Holmes (2013) exemplified the scarcity of knowledge and fellow feeling some had on the associated theories. Both commented on differing aspects of the line of enquiry, exactly these were conceptual in nature. Street (2013) illustrated that the researcher prerequisite remain aware of the macro/micro societal effect that the learning environment has on the adults lived/shared experience and Holmes (2013) suggested that thither needed to be a better fit to the realities of the adult learner. With this in psyche I re-conceptualized the report and reflected to a greater extent specifically on the feedback and guidance.Therefore, in order to steer the paradigms so that they pull in the same direction, the aforementioned theories naturally occurring and ov erlapping dimensions will be mathematical root worded (i.e. invari open comparison method Cohen et al., 2000 p. 151) by their substantive tellments (i.e. content analysis Gillham, 2000 p. 137) and white plagued to engender questions. This go generated four themes that naturally expanded upon their shared features. Social equal and Relationships goal and relevancy orientatedExternal antepasts intrinsic expectationsIn order to check for consistencies/inconsistencies (Denscombe, 1999 p. 217-8) among the questionnaires i.e. Phase 1 and Phase 2 and interview responses some(prenominal) datasets will be triangulated to treasure the overall need/s toward participatory behaviour i.e. cross-sectional design (Bryman, 2006 p. 104).This Mutual approach (Armitage and Keeble-Allen, 2007) will be implemented during the adult learners regular session/s, which should (1) reduce bend (Nederhof, 1985) and attrition (Torgerson 2009), (2) be more pragmatic than experimental research (Torger son 2009), (3) incr let off internal validity, reliability and research quality, (4) support external validity and (5) decr sleep lead characteristics due to any researcher effects.Research enquiries washstand be polarized into qualitative and quantitative classifications based on how phenomena are represented (Ercikan and Roth, 2006). But, the researcher firmly believes if exemplar qualitative and quantitative data reserve shared aspects that are dependent on their counterpart for completeness (Ercikan and Roth, 2006 p.16 Bryman, 2006 Bryman, 2007), then the incorporation of cross-validation is warranted to best serve this enquiry.This strategy should ensure internal validity especially when considering using completing methods (Armitage and Keeble-Allen, 2007). Moreover, as these quantitative and qualitative counterparts contain a fundamental element of the moveive dependency that is shared, and required, for undividedistic fellow feeling i.e. the connectivity of interac tivity and the find out on exemplar soulfulnessity then the research must be aware to consider that both methods have shared and conflicting elements.Consequently, when considering multidisciplinary approaches, mixed methods i.e. quantitative and qualitative and triangulation one must be aware that incommensurability target exist mingled with them. Brannen (2005) suggests that some methods become more feasible than others and deemed a better fit as they ho use of goods and services more sensitivity when investigating complex social phenomena.Hence, sealed methods, take in in conjunction bathroom become less than complimentary with the other. Additionally, Yin (2006) suggests that the ability to tighten the use of mixed methods so that they do in fact occur as part of a individual(a) topic requires integration. The claim is that, the more that a single study integrates mixed methods, the more that mixed methods research, as opposed to multiple studies, is taking place (Yi n, 2006). Furthermore, Houghton et al., (2010) highlight one of the ethical challenges, which have important implications for qualitative research, practical examples and solutions.The unpredictability of qualitative research sum that an a priori prescription for ethical conduct is not always possible. Therefore, the researcher must be constantly mindful of the on-going impact that the research might have on those involved, while simultaneously macrocosm ethically sensitive and morally adequate Although, mixing methods does provide an inferential narrative to the statistical outputs from quantitative analysis, it might not sufficiently negate the qualitative and quantitative dichotomy (Yin, 2006), or, necessarily produce the expected scholarly tired for presenting credible evidence (Maclure, 2005).These qualitative and quantitative complements are noticeably even arguably intrinsic facets of social/cognitive fundamental interaction/functioning whence, the methods used to colle ct data in this enquiry will be trying to procure what happens when the internal interact/s with an external influence/s (Yin, 2006). This illustration provides a start for cyphering about nevertheless other types of mixed method research. The point is, if a relationship is completely absent particularly where ii or more methods address wholly different dependent, independent, or descriptive variablesthe mixed methods are promising to form separate studies, not a single study (Yin, 2006).All these influences are important and applicable, notwithstanding they are only some of the processes that, together, comprise a complex social world and unfortunately understanding that the relevance and pass judgment appoint to learning by adults highlights the importance induced, does not necessarily absolve them (Hacking 1999 p. 2) from any disenfranchisement they could feel. the likewise, the researcher understands that the aforementioned factors are not the only variables that are existent however, the researcher is of the opinion that those factors (see fig. 3 + 4) are the most prominent from the observations made and literature review conducted. Research introductionFig. 2 is illustrating the design and flow of data analysis that establishes the internal validity, reliability and quality of the research enquiry.Historical backgroundConsidering intricacy in adult learning since 1996 we see it has remained around 40% for those of working age (16 69) for seventeen years. These were every currently participating, or had recently participated in the last three years. Of those that did participate, on that point is an equivalent add together that has not participated since leaving full time education. Although, 80% of students currently participating intend on continuing in further education after they have completed the present ground direct (see Tab.1).Whilst participating in Further Education and Lifelong Learning I observed a possible explanation for the existence of these variances (that being relevance and value). A possible explanation for the disordinal interaction (percentages decrease in the Likely to learn in the afterlife group whilst percentages for Unlikely to learn in the future group increase) demonstrated in table 1 could be the further in years an adult moves away from education the less relevance and value they attribute to returning to it. Or, is it as Siraj-Blatchford (2010) whitethorn suggest that the adults are overscheduled and more committed to sustaining the crustal plate environment and maintaining a career with on the theorize training.Multimodal HeuristicsInformal learning is seemingly multimodal i.e. being precious and germane(predicate) to the matter at hand and socially constructed with long/short term interactions (GTC 2006). The informal learning mechanisms that mediate influence shapes learning environments (Evans, et al., 2010 p. 6), cognitive processes and our social interactions (Evans, et al., 2010 p. 6). Meaning then, is co/re-constructed by experience resulting in the multiple interpretations that create the social reality in which people act (Flowers 2009 p. 3). And as Vygotsky would state context affects cognitive and by way of behavioural activities (De Abreu, 2000 p. 3) Bruners suppositional framework suggests that learners form impudently ideas or theories based upon what they already know (GTC 2006).His theory of learning, not only, related to the way childrens thinking developed, but it could as well be applied to adults learning new and unfamiliar material (GTC 2006). Learners, as Bruner proposes, are creators and thinkers through with(predicate) the use of inquiry (GTC 2006). The process of which how learners dynamically construct knowledge is heavily in focus implying the shift key of information, which suggests that Bruners theory of Constructivism falls into a cognitive domain (GTC 2006). Learners are provided with opportunities to construct ne w knowledge and new meaning from authentic experiences (Brockmann 2011). As a result, this exposes the pivotal role Multimodal Heuristics start to have when adults settle to return to education.For instance, a parent poop reassure a frightened child that shadow monsters do not exist Although, a sibling can suggest leaving the light on to terrify the monsters away. This indicates that informal learning can alter our worldview (e.g. When did you stop believing in Santa?) if it is seen to offer a slick solution. This supports the concept of how informal learning can contribute to our understanding, cognitive processes (De Abreu 2000), social interactions, and the associated behaviours (Schwartz 1995 p. 5). These multimodal components not only take the aim of commitment and motivation (Park Choi 2009) that is ascribed to the retention of relevant and valuable information (Gibbons Bylsma, 1984 p. 23), but besides contributes to the ease of transfer and retrieval of that informati on (Ekey 2012).The characteristically pragmatic nature of adult learners (Abdullah, et al., 2008 Kohl-Frey and Schmid-Ruhe 2007 Crittenton Womens Union 2012) similarly demonstrates this need/requirement for information to have applicability to their life. This is insured by the sensed applicability it has to their future experiences and interaction. The internal dimensions of meaning-making are similarly multimodal (Clark 2011) and seemingly derived from the combination of the value and relevance (or Multimodal Heuristics adults decide, through cognitive idea, their ingest level of involvement) assigned by the adult to measure applicability.Consequently, we could suggest that this is an ad hoc contribution to our social cognition (Aronson et al., 2005 p.57 64 De Abreu 2000 p. 4), our availability heuristics (Rules of thumb Aronson et al., 2005 p. 74 75) and the associated behavior and schemas (Aronson et al., 2005 p. 59 61), which then assist navigation of social environme nts. Unfortunately, understanding that the relevance and value assigned to learning by adults highlights the importance induced, does not necessarily liberate adults (Hacking 1999 p. 2) from the disenfranchisement they could feel in institutions where learning is delivered primarily from a traditionally pedagogical approach. Similarly, these interactions are situational and experienced instanter by participation, so it will be difficult to generalize the results further than adult learning.Theory cultivationEssentially, humans tend to set about out information that confirms what they think/believe to be most relevant or true to their experiences and/or future interactions a relative cost- gain/means-end (Evans, et al., 2010 p. 6) cognitive appraisal that enables Multimodal Heuristic co/re-construction (Clark 2011). This process begins to filter out information that is considered worthless. The cost-benefit (Primary appraisal) and means-end analyses (Secondary appraisal), along wi th the personal value and relevance adults assign to learning (rule of thumb Gustafsson, L., Mouwitz, L. (2008) p. 5) appear to be hierarchical and Maslowian in nature. Additionally, an adult must consider, through means-end analysis, the benefit of actively participating and building upon their knowledge and experience, throughout their participation in learning.Ultimately mediating their need for expiation i.e. Socio-emotional negotiation and selectivity (Houde 2006). As a result, for the adult to consider participation Multimodal Heuristics must negotiate support for expectation and assess the benefit knowledge, learning and education have in recompense for reorganizing multiple obligations, and competing priorities (Evans, et al., 2010 p. 12). Therefore, is socio-emotional negotiation and selectivity a process of fragmenting information so that it creates a heuristic commensurability with an individuals normative social and cognitive functioning, which therefore, influences be haviour i.e. influential connectivity of socio-cognitive interactivity affecting the authorizations for action?Fig. 3 is showing the internal framework of the decision making, and meaning-making, mechanisms that assistant generate mental constructs of multimodal heuristics.To some degree, we can compare the assessment of value and relevance to Gustafsson Mouwitz (2008) description of Proficiency Theory, and, means-end and cost-benefit analyses to McCluskys Margin Theory (1974, as quoted in Gibbons Bylsma 1984).These theories emphasize a need to be competent at tasks whilst being realistic about certain physical, mental and social capabilities. If there is conflict between primary and secondary appraisals this could be seen as a violation of expectation (Deffenbacher 1993), which may account for drop-out rates, successive signers, absenteeism, non-participation in task relevant activities, specific route popularity, the cost-benefit/means-end analysis (Evans, et al., 2010 p. 6 G eertz 1993 p. 4 5) for staying the soma and societal perception of lifelong learning (Tab. 1).For instance, after asking my students (12 in total) if they had any questions about what had been learnt, they responded with what would I do if? and When would I use? As there were only subtle variations in discourse, in regards to relevance and value, I feel this highlights (1) what comprises Multimodal Heuristic co-construction, and (2) what is required from information when it is presented outside of their interpretation of it.Moreover, adults maintain autonomy (Gibbons Bylsma 1984) by performing a cost-benefit analysis to justify their participation being that peripheral or full (Swan 2005 p. 5). Firstly this, amongst others mentioned, will form the arse of what counts as value and relevance evidence, and, from which, quantitative data will be collected (questionnaire). Lastly, the quantitative data will be qualitatively complemented with a semi-structured interview to produce a ri ch narrative and attain thick descriptions (Geertz 1993). The semi-structured interview will be conducted with a subset of the surveyed group and will represent a cross-section of the adult learners in that group i.e. single parent, co-parent and a single antheral/female with no dependants.And as Denscombe (1999) and Brockmann (2011) found interaction is situational and experienced directly by participation, making it essential to appraise their views, with, further recognition given to the possibility that their priorities may not reflect the general consensus view or official theory. For example, Gustafsson Mouwitz (2008) have reported what is valued and encouraged in formal learning environments lacks to variable degrees explicit relevance in the workplace. Therefore, adults must demand a greater degree of relevance, value and gladness when deciding to return to, and participating in, education (Abdullah, et. al. 2008 Houde 2006).Fig. 4 is showing the internal framework of s econdary appraisal that aims to justify the decision made and validate the perception of learning by paralleling meaning-made with the realities of the study.Illustrating, not only that the individual agency of these interpretations of relevance and value are co/re-constructed (Clark 2011) cognitively (GTC 2006) and socially (Hacking 1999), but similarly that adults apply this form of Heuristic Multimodality when seeking satisfaction from having their expectations fulfilled. Park Choi (2009) have reported that relevance and satisfaction, being sub-dimensions of motivation, are known to be interrelated with various course-related issues. Even though the societal influences mentioned in this report can modify (1) the assessment of relevance and (2) affect the personal satisfaction adults cultivate (Park Choi, 2009) they can in like manner mediate and reinforce participatory behavior (Park Choi, 2009) by enhancing the importance adults induce when deciding an academic and/or socia l level of involvement (Gibbons Bylsma 1984).Furthermore, students have asserted that relevance is a significant mediator in their engagement of value. Many students have commented that relevance paralleled the value assigned to learning and their specific choice of subject(s). These statements were observed over time and place using a relative constant comparison method (Cohen et al., 2000 p. 151). Their comments demonstrated the cover of a cost-benefit and means-end analysis e.g. How relevant isin the big scheme of things?, When would I use? and I dont see the relevance? Evidently, the use of Multimodal Heuristics acts as a mechanism that could also increase commitment, loyalty and motivation (Park Choi 2009).In constant comparison data are compared across a range of situations, times, groups of people, and through a range of methods (Cohen et al., 2000 p. 151 2). The process resonates with the methodological notion of triangulation. The constant comparison method involves fo ur shows analyse incidents and data that are applicable to each category, comparing them with previous incidents in the same category and with other data that are in the same category Integrating these categories and their propertiesBounding the theorySetting out the theoryThe subjective ontological/epistemological view, research design and methodology exhibited in this report is sufficient and needed to explore this direction of enquiry, if it were absent, it would prove problematic supporting a theory with an accompanying objective approach that advocates detachment (Flowers 2009 E891 Part 2 Action 2.2 Gage 1989 E891 Part 2 Action 2.5), when, in this case, it is more advantageous to explore the subjectivity of individual agency, participatory behaviour and situational experiences, motivation, and, the personal value and relevance assigned to learning, as these are closer to the truth.Instrument DesignThere will be two distinct phases to data generation first off, questions will be formulated from each of the four themes that CAL, Andragogy and Margin and Proficiency theories appear to create and then randomly assigned (Nederhof, 1985) to a questionnaire. A descriptive analysis of each question will be conducted to address whether the aforementioned multi-dimensionalities of adult learners are being considered. The strength of the trend in the agreement/disagreement should build a picture of the shared experiences.These questions will then be move back to the themes that created them, scored (Likert Scale the higher the score the more relevance and value is attributed) and compared with the descriptive analysis to, not only generate a semi-structured small group interview schedule (Gillham, 2000), but also to get a horse sense of what is personally valuable and relevant about learning. This is an attempt to demonstrate how meeting these multi-dimensionalities may be instrumental in maintaining learner participation (Park and Choi 2009). Furthermore, by chromosome mappingping these realities, establish whether they support the general consensus view of these adult learning theories. An opportunity sampled group (16 35+) will be surveyed using this questionnaire (13 in total) with a small group interview being administered to a subset of the surveyed group (5 in total).Ideally, this subset should be representative of the adult learners in that educational facility. Even though the whole group will be opportunistically surveyed in phase 2 every effort will be made to be more purposive. In order to support internal validity and ensure the step- agglomerate of any bias the incorporation of a social desirability measure (Nederhof, 1985 SDR) will be added to the questionnaire. Certain questions will be cross cite with one another to assess whether the adult learners are responding in a socially desirable way. This topical anaesthetic blocking technique should increase the internal validity of the questionnaire, enhance the internal c onsistency of the small group interview questions, reduce bias and maintain rigour when all the data is analysed. This should also allow individual agency (E891 Part 2 Action 2.4 Gage 1989 Denscombe 1999), shared experience and the personal value and relevance attributed to learning to be highlighted.Due to the amount of data that could have been reported the evaluation willbe specifically limited to the triangulation narratives of the Theme Summaries, interview data i.e. content and descriptive analysis (Clark, 2011). The researcher firstly formulated questions from these naturally occurring themes and searched for consistencies and inconsistencies (Denscombe, 1999) between the summary narratives (Gillham, 2000) and statistical outputs from the descriptive analyses (Bryman, 2007). Phase 1As there were 30 questions generated from the four themes the in-depth analysis of each question will be triangulated and presented in the theme summaries. In an attempt to expose any consistencies /inconsistencies (Denscombe, 1999 p. 217-8) in the responses the data will be compared against the learning theories that created them ensuring validity. Consequently, due to the amount of quantitative data generated from the in-depth analysis of the individual questions, this report will only include the second map of Phase 1 i.e. descriptive analysis and theme summary triangulation. The interview responses from Phase 2 will be further triangulated with these summaries and content analysed to highlight the adult learners realities and ascertain what influences their decisions and motivates them to return too education i.e. by constant comparison method. Theme SummariesSocial contact and Relationships Q1, Q2, Q6, Q7, Q17 Q19 and Q30 The adult learners appear to value social interaction and feelings of reciprocal respect whilst participating in learning, which demonstrates that the adult learners value a sense of belonging (16/21). However, there is a small percentage that does not see belonging as being of value. Therefore, the feelings of reciprocal respect and support cannot be mouth as influencing their decision to continue in learning. Internal expectations Q10, Q13, Q14, Q15, Q18, Q22, Q26, Q28 and Q29 This theme relates to the adult learners satisfaction. Satisfaction, being a sub-dimension of motivation, is something that must be regarded as paramount in the adult learning experience.The invariable mentionance of the adult learners at the session/s is testament to their satisfaction with the course and the delivery thereof (18/27). In essence, if the adult learner considers that the potential learning opportunity is not transferable to the workplace, is not satisfied, or perceives it as inadequate at providing improvement to their problem solving capabilities could ultimately diminish their motivation to participate. Goal and relevancy orientation Q3, Q4, Q5, Q9, Q11, Q16, Q20, Q23, Q25 and Q27 External expectations Q8, Q12, Q21 and Q24As these last two dimensions, respectively and comparatively, share a greater degree of similarity they will be interpretatively combined and presented together. Looking at these from a political locating the demand for lifelong learning to have greater prevalence in rules of order sets an diligence standard that demands conformity to it. Subsequently, this appears to facilitate the re/co-construction of self-directedness and the personal interests of adult learners so that they begin to mirror what is required of them which is apocalyptic of a cost-benefit/mean-ends analysis. Therefore, some adult learners might be so focussed or motivated on getting the qualification that they adjust their sense of self-direction in order to reorganise their lives and satisfy what is required of them i.e.Mutability for the betterment of self. It could also be suggested that the pressure too have certain qualifications encourages participatory behaviour in some adult learners and determines the relativ e conformity to industry demands and learning the required skills i.e. something they adapt to preferably than adapted for them (Q8, Q9 and Q10). Conformity, in this sense, would then act as a pre-determinant to achievement the perception of economic sustainability and upward(a) mobility and what value, and relevance, learning has. Not surprisingly, this could be one reason why thousands of people leave their jobs they only took the job because it is what was demanded of them, which is in direct conflict with their personal interests, self-directedness and life goals. Which also illustrates that cognition can be influenced by social interaction and be co/re-constructed by experience and meaning-made.The questionnaire included items that let the participant assess the value and relevance they attribute to learning as an adult. The overall strength of this agreement was guided by their experiences as an adult learner. However, some of the diagnostic questions seemed to be complex and ask two things of the participant. As this is a major source of error (Hammersley et al., 2003) the validity of those questions will be scrutinised as the participants may have heavy one aspects of the complex question more important than the other aspect, hence, an adumbrated response i.e. a decrease in validity.However, all of the responses were reduced to one mean average for that individual question, and as these were pooled from the four themes that characterise adult learners it reduced sampling error and bias. Furthermore, as there was a two stage analysis in phase one the validity of the research instrument is strengthened especially when we factor in the use of the SDR measure to control for bias (Nederhof, 1985) and the encouragement of omission (Hammersley et al., 2003) when the participant had no opinion. What we cannot suggest at this stage of the analysis, however, is that the shared experience led to a shared meaning.As Denscombe (1999) ascertained the perceptions o f the individual are not always consistent with the general consensus view (Brockmann, 2011) of the group as a whole. This extends to the meaning-made and the individual nature of the meaning-making process. The surveyed group cultivated differing levels of relevance and value from their shared experiences. But, this was seemingly determined by the level of relevance and value that was extrapolated from their continued participation. Hence, the individual agency of meaning-making is an return of the level of value and relevance attributed to the shared experiences of learning as an adult, the level of satisfaction and a sense of mutability for the betterment of self.Phase 2 Narrative of qualitative data Before the triangulation, constant comparison and content analysis the researcher must point out that (1) this was a small scale study, (2) the interviews was held in a small group so full disclosure by each participant was not always possible and (3) the results should not be over generalised to other adult learning situations. All that is being sought is an insight in to the connectivity of socio-cognitive interactivity and the subsequent influence on representative individuality the multidimensionality of participatory behaviour and what the adults felt their motivations for returning to education were and still are. This should (1) map the external/internal influences on the adult learner (2) expose the dimensions behind this seeming connectivity of socio-cognitive interactivity that create the potential/s for designated types of action i.e.Multimodal Heuristics and (3) if the analysis supports the researchers theory and the adult learning theories that feature in this enquiry. Some of the interviewees shared a meaning to one degree, but had a different meaning-making process before scope that decision the salient feature was a shared-meaning in a shared-goal in reaching university or attending a higher level course from the booming completion of the cu rrent course of study. This gave them a common ground on which to build upon what learning means to them on an individual basis whilst allowing the shared-meaning element distinguish and define their individual social relationships in the class whom they sought clarification from what level of involvement they chose and what comparative judgements they begin to make on others in the session/s. Walter Well I think if you doI think if you dolike, we are social people, thingswe are social and thats that, thats what we arewe are designed to be social people, if we exclude ourselves we do not, you know, we lose all staple fiber human function, its like the guy at the front, you know he doesnt he can exclude himself, he doesnt do anything, he doesnt enjoy being here, doesnt have any excitement about coming and learningif you exclude yourself from everyone else youll probably not learn Serena I like learning with a group but then its dependent on what I do with that informationbut when i ts writing things down or posters and stuff I cant have other people touching.This illustrates that the need to feel self-directed and sometimes being lighten from outside interference is just one of the commonalities we start to see in the participants responses. Although, some of the interviewees do highlight that Sally I came because I needed to do it, but now I quite, Ive more motivation to do it because I enjoy it.Therefore, the individual agency of meaning-making is, not only an outcome of the level of value and relevance attributed to the shared experiences of learning as an adult, the level of satisfaction and a sense of mutability for the betterment of self, but also the means/ends-cost/benefit interconnectivity seen in their decision-making process i.e. motivated to do it and their continued participation in the session/s that seemingly contributes further to the mutability for the betterment of self in these adult learners.The individual meaning-made is a product of thes e conjugation interactivities varying and individually decided high/low levels of cost/benefit the course has and what perceived means/end reward the course provides for successful completion i.e. the multimodal heuristic factors that led to participatory behaviour and satisfaction. The shared-meaning is an accidental relationship that becomes concurrent with other people that are pursuing a similar goal as them. This suggests that they share similar educational determine and relevancies due to their common or shared goals.The shared-meaning dimensions presumably start to mediate the differing high/low connective interactivity level in the cost/benefit and means/end analyses. Furthermore, this also starts to define and distinguish individual social relationships who we seek advice and clarification from what level of involvement we chose and what comparative judgements we make on others i.e. asynchronous affinity with others. The comments from these interviewees also highlight s the need to feel proficient and competent about the material in the course and where they culture this confidence. It seems the more confident the adult learner gets about understanding the material and being able to discuss, question and seek clarification on their understanding the more proficient and competent they feel.This bolsters their feelings of satisfaction and adds to their motivation to continue through reducing the physical and mental sense of effort i.e. cost and/or means and increasing the perception of benefit cultured from continuation in the session/s. e.g. internal expectations and social relationships. This could be defined as a beneficial compromise for the betterment of self being the mediation of the perceived value social contact offers in raising confidence, increasing feelings of proficiency and reducing our fear of incompetency.The commentaries also point toward Margin theory (Gibbons Bylsma, 1984) in the manner of how power and load i.e. the amount we c an debate is balanced with the effort we can assign to it and expansive and restrictive perceptions of future time i.e. the older you are the more urgent something becomes also contributes to the motivations of the adult learner (Gibbons Bylsma, 1984). So, is motivation the product of a restrictive future time perspective creating a behaviourally urgent response to the realisation of your current educational inequities therefore, adding to the perception of the reduction in opportunities for sustaining economic upward mobility?For example the following intercourse illustrates the reasoning behind this question investigator so does anyone find, you know, that helps them decide to do a course, or, was it a combination of both things were like valuable and relevant to you as well? Walter Yeah, yeahthats the reason Im here, you know you cant get a well-paid job without English and Maths Leroy and without those I cant precede on to university Researcher So you can see the as an indust ry standard kind of then? Walter Yeah, this is the industry standardResearcher So to actually progress you need these things to progress? Walter YeahyeahLeroy Like to myself, like to have this qualification would make me feel better about itbut, Researcher YeahLeroy its a requirementResearcher yeah like a stepping stoneLeroy yeah.Therefore, these adult learners may just see the benefit of having the qualification to progress beyond where they are now. This could also suggest that these adults are full aware that the real world applicability of certain subjects are determined by the industry demand for that subject, making a qualification economically more relevant and valuable to these adult learners.We could theorise that alliance has a shared understanding about what industry requires of the workforce and how this requirement places a demand on the learner to rearrange their lives in order to participate in learning. Therefore, shared meaning in society could be facilitated by a shared understanding of what it demands of society, which supports the theory that adult learners must assign more personal relevance, value and expectations of satisfaction to learning before there is the motivation to return to education i.e. is there a beneficial compromise between what I want and what they require. And as can be seen in the descriptive analysis of Q20, Q21 and Q22.These questions relate to social influence and societies perception of value and relevance assigned to learning.The adult learner agrees that the decision to attend a course of study was suggested to them (Q20) and that this social influence/encouragement basically provides the persuasive reinforcement to their implicit understanding that learning increases an adults chances of employment (Q21). The adult learners also feel that the support they receive from the different sources of this social influence/encouragement is at a level which permits their participation on the course of study. We could aga in theorise that an individual knows what is demanded of them in the employment market, but they seek hitch on what they already know. This suggests that meaning is socially co/re-constructed by the individual seeking halt on their present understanding in order to reinforce their decision, and by way of, increase motivation to return to learning.Furthermore, the adult learners do not feel they have to make allowances to attend a course, as long as the scheduled session/s is at a convenient time for them to attend i.e. the conscious effort to avoid the conflicts between personal obligations and scheduled session/s. Moreover, showing that, for these adult learners, the course of study has value and is personally and economically relevant to them. And as it was outlined in the Theory growth section of this report we can compare the assessment of value and relevance to Gustafsson Mouwitz (2008) description of Proficiency Theory, and, means-end and cost-benefit analyses to McCluskys Margin Theory (1974, as quoted in Gibbons Bylsma 1984). These theories emphasize a need to be competent at tasks whilst being realistic about certain physical, mental and social capabilities.Moreover, because the theories that were used in this study have overlapping dimensions (e.g. Q3, Q4 and Q12 overlap Social contact and Relationships Goal and Relevancy orientation and External Expectations) with each dimension seemingly providing a piece to the decisional mlange that affects the internal expectations i.e. individual agency of the adult learner.We could therefore suggest that Multimodal Heuristics and co/re-constructive social influence, not only becomes more evident when motivation towards participation is being formal and/or maintained, but may also be one of the key components in the processes that assist the transmutation of identity. Hence, as a sense of belonging, competency, proficiency and satisfaction are valued and relevant to the adult learner and evolve as they ev olve as do their identities. Equally, in a sociocultural ontology progress in learning is viewed along trajectories of participation and growth of identity, so both competency and belonging matter in understanding learning. It is for these reasons that a sociocultural ontology describes learning as a transformation of identity.And as the report is smell at the macro and micro-structural influences on the adult learner and how that comes to mediate and motivate them toward participation we can suggest quite firmly that identity transformation is closely tied to multimodal heuristics which is apparently mediated by a co/re-construction between the connectivity of social/cognitive interactivity thus having an impact on the identity formation of the adult learner. So the relevancy and value that is selected from external sources is fragmentally factored from differing micro and macro-structural influences and negotiated in to cognitive constructs i.e. internally mediated hence facilita ting the decisional components that create the motivation for, and support continued participation towards, designated types of action.Discussion, implications and conclusions So, are social contact and relationships the result of synchronous affinities? Is the use of multimodal heuristics an actual contributor to identity transformation? All that can be suggested is that the results support the theory of multimodal heuristics and the connectivity of interactivity and imply that motivation is established through the individual deliberately, and sometimes vicariously, extracting information from these proximal and distal influences.Hence, social/cognitive collocation comes to, not only reinforce their decision to participate in designated types of action, but also to a greater or lesser extent impacts upon the transformation of identity. But, we must keep in mind that this is paralleled with a balance between the beneficial compromises for the betterment of self and the perceived v alue social contact i.e. belonging offers in raising confidence, increasing feelings of proficiency and reducing the fear of incompetency.The real implication of these results is the noticeable benefit of informal conversations being used to reinforce learnt knowledge. The participants suggest that more time for reflection and confirmation would go some way to aiding the retention of new information, how the information actually relates to their personal circumstances and how this also contributes to feelings of belonging, proficiency, competency and feelings of increased confidence.For example Walter if you have a conversation with someone, say after this class, youll remember that conversation better than you would, you know than someone standing at the front of the class going this guy wrote this verse form about this And like the small child that is afraid of shadow monsters and leaves the light on the sessions could benefit from the incorporation of small group/whole class l earning reinforcement dyads of informal conversations. This would then start to determine the level of commitment and motivation (Park Choi 2009) that is ascribed to the retention of relevant and valuable information (Gibbons Bylsma, 1984 p. 23), and further contribute to the ease of transfer/retrieval of the current learning material/s and any new information (Ekey 2012).In conclusion, if adults are autonomous, self-directed and pursue their personal interests and goals then when an adult decides to return to education the course of study must display a greater degree of relevance to the adults. If the course of study is perceived as having relevance, it (1) fulfils their need for feeling autonomous, (2) allows the adult to make an informed decision as to the value it has, (3) contributes to the continuation of feelings of self-directedness and (4) also contributes to their perceptions of being closer to achieving their goals thus adding value.Especially when we factor in that adu lt learners are complying with requirements laid down by someone else and may need to reorganise multiple obligations and competing priorities in order to participate. Another reason that these adult learners generally value the social interaction, support and reciprocal respect they receive whilst attending a course of study.Hence, the sense of belonging would be enhanced if there were more opportunities for interaction. Therefore, creating more opportunities for reflection between learners could, not only, reinforce learning, but also support the feelings of belonging through increasing the opportunities for discussion on how the material covered in that session/s contextually relates to them. Moreover, focussing on enhancing feelings of proficiency by allowing the adult learner to co/re-construct their current understanding through reflecting upon it with learners that share the same learning experience and synchronous and asynchronous affinities.ReferencesAbdullah, M, Parasurama n, B, Muniapan, B, Koren, S Jones, ML. (2008) Motivating factors associated with adult participation in distance learning class International Education Studies, 1 (4), pp. 104-109. online http//ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1569context=commpaperssei-redir=1referer=http%3A%2Mutual Research Designs Redefining Mixed Methods Research Design, pp. 29 35, Taken from ERCM (2007) 6th European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and care Studies Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon online http//books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=VtYcSTUV0nQCoi=fndpg=PA29dq=bryman+pragmatism+%22multi+methods%22ots=bC6CHJujM9sig=sWf3Hfxlkrz-79fe5K0eGeqLI3Mv=onepageqf=false (accessed on 18/06/2013) Aronson, E., Wilson. T. D. and Akert, R. M. (2005) Social Psychology, fifth Edition, New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc, Cpt. 3, pp. 59 61, Cpt. 3 pp. 57 64, Cpt. 3, pp. 74 75 Brannen, J.(2005) Mixed methods research a discussion paper, ESRC National Centre for Research Methods, Review Pa per 5. online http//eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/89/1/MethodsReviewPaperNCRM-005.pdf (accessed on 01/08/2013) Brockmann, M. (2011) Problematizing short-term participant observation and multi-method ethnographic studies, Ethnography and Education, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 22943. online http//www.tandfonline.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1080/17457823.2011.587361 (accessed 18/04/2013) taken from The give University (2013) E891 Action 3.10 Short term Ethnography Part 3 Research design and data production, Milton Keynes, The open up UniversityBryman, A. (2006) integrating quantitative and qualitative research how it is done? Sage Publications, London, vol. 6(1) 97113. online

Ethics of Compliance Southwest Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Compliance s show uphwestern EssayThe purpose of this paper is to present, discuss, and examine the topic of estimable and social responsibility. It will discuss souwest Airlines failure to comply with the Federal Aviation judicial systems rules on inspecting aircraft and what violations occurred. On marching music 6, 2008, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspectors submitted documents to the United States sexual intercourse, alleging that southwestward allowed 117 of its aircraft to fly carrying passengers despite the fact that the planes were non airworthy according to air sentry duty investigators.In almost cases, the planes were allowed to fly for up to 30 months later the inspection deadlines had passed, rendering them unfit to fly. Records indicate that thousands of passengers were flown on aircraft deemed unsafe by federal standards. Clearly, this is an issue trussed to social responsibility and ethics at the highest level, ignoring the safety inspections put peoples lives in jeopardy. This speckle truly began in 1988, when an Aloha Airlines Boeing 737 suffered an accident that killed a outflow attendant.The top of the planes fuselage tore off, opening up a giving section of the planes roof, killing the flight attendant. The accident occurred because of cracks in the planes fuselage. Since then, the FAA has required regular inspections of 737 fuselages to ensure an accident alike this does non occur again. In 2007, two FAA inspectors began to pass documentation and inspections at Southwest Airlines. They had reason to be appertained, because they felt their concerns were being ignored, and their supervisor was not investigating their complaints.FAA inspectors Bobby Boutris and Douglas Peters testified before Congress about their experiences, and asked for whistleblower status, significance they could not be fired from their jobs because of their testimony. Boutris was the first to question records kept by Southw est about carpenters plane inspections. In 2003, he was in charge of inspecting engines for the 737, and he could validate the Southwests reports. He told an NPR Radio reporter, I had prime a lot of inconsistencies with the records, Boutris says. They were different from aircraft to aircraft it was very hard to determine compliance (Goodwyn, 2008). He notes that he complained to his supervisor, Douglas Gawadzinski, but he ignored Boutris complaints. In 2006, Boutris took over safety responsibility for the entire 737-700 series aircraft, and when he refreshened Southwest, he tack together the same record extending problems he had uncover in 2003. He notified his supervisor and wanted to send a garner of investigation, again his supervisor Gawadzinski refused to acknowledge his concerns.Boutris believes it is because Gawadzinski had a close friendship with Paul Comeau, a former FAA employee who went to institute for Southwest as their manager for regulatory compliance. Anything t o do with Southwest and the FAA went through these two men, and Boutris believes they routinely covered up inspection irregularities or lack of inspections. Boutris continued to complain, and Southwest asked for him to be removed from their inspections. overboldsman Goodwyn continues, At first, Gawadzinski refused to remove Boutris.But it wasnt long before the supervisory fear inspector told Boutris he was out and that his occupational group was in jeopardy because there had been undisclosed complaints from anonymous Southwest officials (Goodwyn, 2008). At this point, Douglas Peters, some other FAA inspector, were brought in to review Boutris investigation into Southwests compliance. Goodwyn notes, The to a greater extent he take careed into the matter, the more he agreed with Boutris that the flying public was in danger. Peters says the situation defied logic. That something so unfavourable would be not aimed I cant explain it.Its a mystery (Goodwyn, 2008). mess from Sout hwest began to contact Gawadzinski directly, instead of going through Peters. Another reporter states, The whistle-blowers complained repeatedly in memos indite in 2007 that their concerns about Southwest were not being taken seriously. The underlying safety concern the skyway was unable to keep up with mandatory inspections had been raised as early as 2003, one supercharged (Levin, 2008). Finally, in March 2007, Southwest admitted to flying 47 737s without completing the problem fuselage inspections, which triggered a Congressional investigation. tied(p) more disturbing, the airline continued to fly the planes even after disclosing they had not been inspected it took almost a hebdomad to ground the planes. The two men testified before Congress in April 2008, and the FAA exquisitelyd Southwest $10. 2 million for the blunders. Reporter Levin continues, Last month, nearly a year after the initial problems were discovered, the FAA levied a $10. 2 million finely against Southwes t. The vast majority of the fine was imposed because Southwest had certified that it stopped flying the planes as in short as it learned of the missed inspections, FAA officials said (Levin, 2008).These argon the basic facts and timeline of the case. The major overriding issue in this case is that the FAA and Southwest conspired to cover up inspection information, and they did so at passengers and crewmembers expense. The inspections were mandated because the FAA knew this particular plane had critical safety issues. By not inspecting planes and allowing them to continue flying, they were putting everyone on those planes in jeopardy, and they knew it. That is perhaps the biggest ethical concern of this case, that the attach to knew they had not completed checks, but continued to fly the planes anyway.One of the whistleblowers was told they did not ground the planes because it would recess Southwests service and flight schedule (Goodwyn, 2008). Every airline has a social responsib ility to keep their passengers and crews as safe as possible. Flying is a relatively safe form of travel, however accidents do occur. Maintaining high maintenance and safety standards is simply the right thing to do in the transportation industry it is the ethical, moral, and socially responsible choice. For an airline to lower those standards, especially because of worries about disruption of service, is simply incomprehensible.For example, the entire airline would be in jeopardy if one of the planes had crashed, and it was found to have been because of a crack that was not detected because of a missed inspection. Indeed, inspections on the aircraft did turn up cracks in some of the planes in question, cracks that had to be repaired before the airplanes took flight again (Wilber, 2008). Thus, Southwest put people in danger, and that is a major ethical violation that has not thoroughly been addressed in the media or by the airline itself.In addition, the FAA was compliant in this et hical transgression, because they allowed it to overstep, calling into question the integrity of the organization that is supposed to be primarily concerned with airline safety and maintenance. If the agency doing the oversight is questionable, it brings the entire system into question. This issue should be studied further because it raises so many moral and ethical questions, and it should be studied because it expects, since there seem to be no lasting ramifications for the FAA, that it could happen again, which is even more disturbing.The stakeholders in this case are the people who fly on Southwest Airlines. Southwest damaged their reputation by letting mound their stakeholders, and that is extremely disturbing. They put passenger safety in jeopardy over worries about income and disrupted flights, when their first concern should have been safety and only safety. This calls into question the entire integrity of the company. This is more than just the classical interpretation o f right and wrong, it is a moral predicament that should have had an extremely simple solution.Ground the planes, inspect them as quickly as possible, and get them guts in the air. The fact that there was any other solution seen to the problem indicates just how unethical and morally irresponsible Southwest was, and the stakeholders should demand compensation for the threat this decision made to their safety. Southwest simply got friendly that one of the affected planes did not develop more serious issues, and the $10. 2 million dollar fine seems quite low in retrospect, considering the damage that could have occurred to people and property had a plane crashed.The economic responsibility of this situation is clear Southwest had to pay a large fine and ground the planes, losing revenue anyway. Their reputation suffered, although it did not seem to make a dent in their passenger. Most people did not even seem to care that Southwest had endangered them and only a few spoke out in blogs or in other areas when the news broke. Southwest has a serious responsibility to keep its passengers and crews safe, and they lost the trust of at least some people because of their callous disregard for safety.That is a grand moral responsibility, and Southwest has neer really acknowledged their failure, which is an even larger ethical concern, it seems. In a statement before Congress, Southwest CEO Gary Kelly said, Our compliance with authentic specific Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airworthiness directives has been called into question. We have committed to a thorough review and to make any changes necessary to ensure that we are in full compliance with FAA airworthiness directives and our own maintenance programs, policies, and procedures (Kelly, 2008).However, in previous testimony before Congress, Kelly and Southwest Executive Chairman Herb Kelleher both maintained that Southwest did comply with all FAA requirements, and the safety of passengers was never in question (Kelly, 2008). Thus, Southwest maintains they complied with all FAA regulations and did inspect the aircraft, only under a different maintenance directive than the one the two whistleblowers charged had not been done. It seems like a technicality, and that Southwest is not victorious true moral or ethical responsibility for the incidents.They also stated that they did not think they would be fined for the maintenance issues, and it seems as if in their testimony, they were attempting to lay groundwork to fight a fine. However, they did eventually back down and stop contesting the fine, probably because they felt they looked bad enough already. Some recommendations for this case have already been completed. The FAA inspector, Gawadzinski, was transferred to another division, without contact with Southwest.Southwest placed several maintenance and safety personnel on leave, and developed new maintenance and safety guidelines. The two top executives maintain they did not know about the 2007 maintenance charges until March 2008, and as soon as they learned of them, they implemented stronger maintenance and communication directives so they would be notified and alert of any problems. These would have been at least some of the recommendations made in this case.Another would be for Southwest to undergo a major campaign to gain back the publics trust, as many people would seem to have trust issues in flying on Southwest planes. This would include a media campaign that would address trust issues, and perhaps even a campaign including top executives flying on their own planes. This would not be too costly or difficult to administer, and it would let people know that the company is actually sorry about its actions and is going to be more responsible in the future.It also seems as if the company should apologize to their stakeholders and their crewmembers, not in front of Congress, but in front of them, and with humility. Frankly, their testimony and apology to Congress sounded defensive and insincere, and a true measure of humility might be to offer anyone who flew on those planes some type of compensation or personal apology to make the situation even a microscopical bit more palatable. Of course, that would entail a large expense, but it would make their intentions a bit more acceptable.Finally, they have to be open and above board with their maintenance issues and they have to make quite certain there is nothing questionable about any of their practices. Their maintenance and safety department must be impeccable, and it must always be open to scrutiny not only by the FAA, but by the public, as well. They owe that, at the very least, to the people that choose to fly on Southwest Airlines. In conclusion, this case indicates how deeply ethical issues can affect a business. Allowing planes to fly uninspected is a terrible ill service to the passengers and crews of this airline.It indicates a deep-seated lack of respect for the public, th e employees, and the agency created to maintain air travel safety. It also indicates an haughtiness that the company can flaunt the system and win. Southwest Airlines has deeper issues than maintenance and safety. It has to take a strong look at its ethics and principles, and alter them to create a more socially responsible organization that respect and values the people it serves. Without a change, the organization will certainly suffer more ethical violations in the future.