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60325-586740 Essay CENTRAL CHINA NORMAL UNIVERSITYSchool of politics and International StudiesAssignmentHistory of US Diplomacy name:AgilAliyev studentnumber: 2016270086 phonenumber: 13016420207 e-mail: America andMiddle East Middle East, nowadaysbloodlake, war and criminal zone of the world.Place of richest nationalresourchesat the same time political disasters.There are many reasonswhat made chaos in the Middle East. Short history of Middle East Although rock art dating back to 10,000 BC lies hidden amid the desert monoliths of the JebelAcacusinLibya, little is known about the painters or their nomadic societies, which lived on the outermost rim of the Middle East.The enduring shift from nomadism to more-sedentaryorganisedsocieties began in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia (ancientIraq) and the Nile River Valley of AncientEgypt. In Mesopotamia it was the era of Sumer, which had arisen in around 4000 BC and became arguably the worlds first greatcivilisation. In 336 Alexander assumed the throne and began a series of conquests that would eventually encompass most ofAsiaMinor, the Middle East, Persia and northernIndia. Under Alexander, the Greeks were the first to impose any kind of order on the Middle East as a whole. Upon Alexanders death, his empire was promptly carved up among his generals. This resulted in the foundingof three new ruling dynasties. During these timesbornedreligions in the hu man life.Middle Eastern religious thought had a strong influence on the ancient Greeks. From the early 3rd centurybcon, the Middle East began to influence Greek thought increasingly. BabylonianHYPERLINK https://www.britannica.com/topic/astrologyastrologyinfluencedHYPERLINK https://www.britannica.com/topic/StoicismStoicphilosophy, and some Jewish influence onStoicethicsis likely as well.With the partial Hellenization of Judaism and itsHYPERLINK https://www.britannica.com/topic/ChristianityChristianoffshoot in the 1st centuryad, Jewish influence on the West rapidly became dominant.In four centuries Christianity conquered the entire Roman Empire and many outlying regions, thanks to the intensity of its faith and the tenacity with which Christians held to their views, following Jewish models, through the bitterest persecutions. In the 6thcentury there was born newreligion. From the first side itlooked new religion but in the base of new religion consistjudaismandchristianity. Howeverislamwas a continue of two monotheistic religions, its ideologyevoluatedamongarabpeople. Prophet namedMohammed, born around AD 570 in the Arabian town of Mecca (now inSaudi Arabia), had begun preaching against the pagan religion of his fellowMeccans.Middle East start new renaissance period by islamic conquers.Mohammed died in 632 but under his successors, known ascaliphs(from the Arabic word for follower),the new religion continued its rapid spread, reaching all of Arabia. Spreading ofislamhad started disturbing Europe. Christian worlds worriedislamsfast conquers and decided to found a reason for suppressing in its cradle. In 1095Pope Urban IIcalled for a Western Christian military expedition aCrusade- to liberate the holy places ofJerusalemin response to the eastern empires alarm.Romes motives were not entirely benevolent: Ur ban was eager to assertRomes primacy in the east over Constantinople.These successes were short-lived. It took less than 50 years for the tide to begin to turn against the Crusaders and only 200 before they were driven out of the region once and for all. The Muslim leader responsible for removing the Crusaders fromJerusalem(in 1187) wasSalah ad-Din al-Ayyoub In 1258, just eight years after theMamluksseized power inCairoand began their bloody dynasty, a boy named Osman (Othman) was born to the chief of a Turkish tribe in westernAnatolia. By the end of the 14th century the Ottomans had conqueredBulgaria,Serbia, Bosnia,Hungaryand most of present-dayTurkey. They had also moved their capital across the Dardanelles to Adrianople, today the Turkish city ofEdirne. In 1453 came their greatest victory whenSultan Mehmet IItook Constantinople, the hitherto unachievable object of innumerable Muslim wars almost since the 7th century.With the outbreak ofWWIin 1914, the Ottoman Empire sided withGer many, and Sultan Mohammed V declared a jihad (holy war), calling on Muslims everywhere to rise up against Britain,FranceandRussia.World War Isignalledthe end of the Ottoman dynasty. Stripped of its Arab provinces, the Ottoman monarchy was overthrown. American oil diplomacy in the Middle East The United States relationship with the Middle East prior toWorld WarIwas limited, although commercial ties existed even in the early 19th century.In comparison to European powers such as Britain and France which had managed to colonize almostall of theMiddle East region after defeating theOttoman Empirein 1918, the United States waspopular and respected throughout the Middle East.American missionaries had brought modern medicine and set up educational institutions all over the Middle East. Moreover, the United States had provided the Middle East with highly skilled petroleum engineers. Thus, there were some connections made between the United States and the Middle East before the Second World War. Other examples ofcooperationsbetween the U.S. and the Middle East are theRed Line Agreementsigned in 1928 and theAnglo-American Petroleum Agreementsigned in 1944. Both of these agreements were legally binding and reflected an American interest in control of Middle Eastern energy resources, namely oil, and moreover reflected an Americansecurity imperative to prevent the emergence of a powerful regional rival.The Red Line Agreementhad beenpart of a network of agreements made in the 1920s to restrict supply of petroleum and ensurethat the majorcompanies couldcontrol oil prices on world markets.The Red Line agreement governed the developmentofMiddleEast oil for the next two decades.The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreementof 1944 was based on negotiations between the United States and Britain over the control of Middle Eastern oil. Below is shown what the American PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelthad in mind for to a British Ambassador in 1944: Persian oilis yours. We share the oil of Iraq and Kuwait. As for Saudi Arabian oil, its ours. On August 8, 1944, the Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement was signed, dividing Middle Eastern oil between the United States and Britain. Consequently, political scholarFred H. Lawsonremarks, that by the mid-1944, U.S. officials had buttressed their countrys position on the peninsula by concluding an Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement that protectedall valid concession contracts and lawfully acquired rightsbelonging to the signatories and established a principle ofequal opportunityin those areas where no concession had yet been assigned.Furthermore, political scholar Irvine AndersonsummarisesAmerican interests in the Middle East in the late 19th century and the early 20th century noting that, the most significant event of the period was the transition of the United States from the position of net exporter to one of net importer of petroleum.In 1947, the U.S. and the Truman administration, under domestic political pressure, pushed for a solution and resolution on theArab-Israeliconfli ct. There is one purpose in the base of creating new radically different country amongarabworld. Take the control of region by hand. Inmay1948,the new state of Israel came into existence.thefirst state to extend diplomatic recognition to Israel was the United States; the Soviet Union and several Western nations quickly followed suit. No Arab state, however, recognized Israel. Warsfor oil Saudi Arabia was the firstarabcountry which hoped to be recognized by the US, which at that time had no interest in Saudi Arabia. Initially, his efforts were rebuffed, but Washington eventually came around, promoted by the fact thatAl Saudhad obtained recognition from many nations. In May 1931 the U.S. officially recognized Saudi Arabia by extending full diplomatic recognition.At the same timeIbnSaudgranted a concession to the U.S. company,Standard Oil of California,allowing them to explore for oil in the countrys Eastern Province,al-Hasa.The company gave the Saudi government35,000and also paid assorted rental fees and royalty payments. After the promises that had been made by American oil explorers that Saudi Arabia could have a very good chance of finding oil,Al Saudaccepted the American offer of exploration,becausehe was hoping that his land could have valuable materials that would support the countrys economy. In May 1933 theCalifornia Arabian Standard Oil Company(CA SOC), later called theArab American Company(ARAMCO), had started the exploration in the country with large area toexplore .Although the imported oil was not very important for the U.S. at the time, Washington seemed hungry for the Saudi oil since their confidence in finding oil in Saudi Arabia had greatly grown, which resulted in stronger relations with Saudi Arabia. American increasing policy took over British power from Saudi Arabia. In 1950s, Americansenergy dependencewas 40% from petrol.This reason made bring together Saudi Americanrelations. Oilpolicy had begun control royal families interests. In 1970s, starteddevalivationin Americanseconomy.Countries asuch a Japan and Germany got a strong economical advancement.Firts time in his historyfor consolidate its economy,Americaintroduced diplomacy whichput the second plan his democratic princips for arabs royal family. He supported kings, monarchs interests to show him such a loyal friend. As well this diplomacy worked out toarabkin gs for take its guarantee by America from other occupying forces.Though, relations betweenarabsat the same time America supported his alien Israel. Arab nationalism andlidership dream in arabworldalthough,arabshostility with Israel statewassuccedAmerican diplomacy.The another policywas aboutpetrocurrency whichoil countries acceptedamericandollar in trade relations. Since the agreements of 1971 and 1973, all the members ofOPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) quote oil pricesonly in US Dollars.However, despite this in 1973 occurred energy crisis in America.Causeit was king Faisals conservative attitude to Arab-Israeli war in 1973.Arab members of theOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) also imposed an embargo against the United States in retaliation for the U.S. decision to re-supply the Israeli military and to gain leverage in the post-war peace negotiations. ArabOPECmembers also extended the embargo to other countries that supported Israel including the Netherlands, Portugal, and South Africa. The embargo both banned petroleum exports to the targeted nations and introduced cuts in oil production. Several years of negotiations between oil-producing nations and oil companies had already destabilized a decades-old pricing system, which exacerbated the embargos effects. The 1973 Oil Embargo acutely strained a U.S. economy that had grown increasingly dependent on foreign oil. The efforts ofPresidentRichard M. Nixons administration to end the embargo signaled a complex shift in the global financial balance of power to oil-producing states and triggered a slew of U.S. attempts to address the foreign policy challenges emanating from long-term dependence on foreign oil.Despite effect of embargo to economical developmenAmericamanagednewstrategy in energysourches.President NixonandSecretary of State Henry Kissingerrecognized the constraints inherent in peace talks to end the war that were coupled withnegotiations with Arab OPEC members to end the embargo and increase production. Initial discussions between Kissinger and Arab leaders began in November 1973 and culminated with theFirst Egyptian-Israeli Disengagement Agreement on January18, 1974. Though a finalized peace deal failed to materialize, the prospect of a negotiated end to hostilities between Israel and Syria proved sufficient to convince the relevant parties to lift the embargo in March 1974.The embargo laid bare one of the foremost challenges confronting U.S. policy in the MiddleEast, thatof balancing the contradictory demands of unflinching support for Israel and the preservation of close ties to the Arab oil-producing monarchies. The strains on U.S. bilateral relations with Saudi Arabia revealed the difficulty of reconciling those demands. The U.S. response to the events of 1973-1974 also clarified the need to reconcile U.S. support for Israel to counterbalance Soviet influence in the Arab world with both foreign and domestic economic policies.Weisbergargued that the embargo was a short-sighted reach for short-term gains.When the short-term gains were not achieved, Arab countries started to soften their demands. Once this process started, it killed the embargo. The embargo on the US officially ended on Mar. 18, 1974. Butthe most important face of this embargo decisionwas more conservative among royal family king Faisal who madetroublenessfor western country especially for America.On 25 March 1975King Faisalwas shot point-blank and killed by his half-brothers son,Faisal binMusaid, who had just come back from the United States. Art essay fine art Iran is inviolable country for USA. However after 9/11 2001 terror attacks foreign policyof U.S is observed annexatioist his oil diplomacycouldt gethis aim. The other important factor is Israel. Amongmuslimcountries Israel cant survive without big ally. Interest of Israel also interests of U.S for controllarabicpolisy use jews.This obvious sample isIsraeli promised land dream fromEuphrates to Nile. Syria and Iran are big impedement for realize to increase borders. Arab spring, rememberedwithregime variations, creating radical movement inside of islam as ISIS, to blockade Iran show that American agression in the region.In the current situations show American increasengly decreasing powerin the Middle East. Despite controllingIraq oil,America is unsuccessful Syrian war untilnowadays. USAsufficewith Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries. Americans new president Donald Trump in his one of theelection speechsaid; The Gulf states haventnothingbutmoney.Iam going get the m to pay money. We have 19trln dollars debt. We will not pay they will pay,Becausethese states cantexcistwithout us. Qatar crisis Onmay20, thisyear Donald Trumprealisedhis first abroad visit to Saudi Arabiasince elected president. First timeafter 2001 tensions Saudi and American relationships began to softenwith Trumps visit. He also achieved to his aim to pay national debt byGulfstates. Saudi and Armericansides signed bilateral contract about 110bln dollars millitary sphere. There is another factor in Gulf states countries. The smallest country in the Gulf but on the 4th place for oil reserves, State of Qatar. Only with 2300.000population, 300,000 native Qatarisis the rich country among Gulf states. But Qatarintroducevarious policy than otherarabcountries.These tensions were possibly exacerbated by theArab Springin 2011, when Saudi Arabia and Qatar were seen as backing different sides.The government support HAMASorganisationwhich fights with Israel,IhvanulMuslimun( MuslimBrothers) party in Egypt, rebellions in the Syria.A second source of tension is Dohas accommodating stance toward Iran. Qataris have taken steps such as voting against a UNSC resolution calling on Iran to halt its nuclear enrichment program and signing a bilateral counterterrorism agreement with Iran; this more conciliatory approach is likely the result of both Qatars relative military weakness compared to Iran as well as its economic interest in maintaining cooperation with the country with which it shares the worlds largest gas field.More recently, the Emir of Qatar congratulated Iranian PresidentHassanRouhanion his reelection and according to theFinancial Times, the government of Qatar irritated many of its Gulf allies in April 2017 by authorizing the payment of $700 million to Iran andKataibal-Hezbollah, the Iranian-backed Shia militia in Iraq, in exchange for the freedom of members of Qatars royal family taken captive in Iraq. In late May 2017, the Emir was reported by theQatar State News Agencyto have criticized the hostile rhetoric of the Gulf and the US toward Iran, leading to severe criticism throu ghout the rest of the Gulf and triggering the currentcrisis.Ofcourse this policycoulddisturb other ally countries with U.S and Israel. The other fact is Qatars more democratic politic relations then others. Although,ruling by monarchy Qatar is the most introducer news and new ideology amongarabnationswith Al-Jazeera. By the way USA has armed forces in Qatar since getting independence from Britain. Just few days after Trumps visit on 23th of may Qatar woke up with news of a hack attributing false statements to the emir of Qatar. The fake news was aired on several UAE and Saudi-owned networks in the Gulf. This sparked a series of diplomatic breakdowns between the GCC countries. The latest developments include severing of diplomatic ties between three Gulf states and Qatar, an embargo imposed on Qatar, with air, sea and land borders shut down, and Qatari diplomats and residents expelled from those Gulf countries. Bahrain was the first to announce the severing of ties, it was followed shortly after by Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt made their announcements. In addition, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt closed their airspace to Qatari aircraft, and said foreign airlines would have to seek permission for overflights to and from Qatar. In return for ending the restrictions, they had told the emirate to:Curb diplomatic ties with Iran and close its diplomatic missions Sever all ties to terroristorganisations and hand over terrorist figures Stop all funding for individuals ororganisationsdesignated as terrorists by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt, Bahrain, the United States and other countries Shut down Al Jazeera and other Qatar-funded news outlets Close a T urkish military base and halt joint military co-operation inside Qatar End interference in other sovereign countries internal affairs Pay reparations and compensation for loss of life caused by Qatars policies Align with other Arab countries militarily, politically, socially and economicallyBut Qatar doesnt accept this prosecutions and crisis continue till nowadays. It seems America worries to loose his allies and foreign energy reserves thats why he attacked to Qatar. Historically been a funder of terrorism at a very high level, I decided, along with Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, our great generals and military people, the time had come to call on Qatar to end its funding they have to end that funding and its extremist ideology Trump said during a press conference in the White House Rose Garden. Conclusion In a historically there are battles to get power till nowadays in the Middle East.After World War I Middle East was more interesting for superpowers.However, were divided different countries the roots are same allarabsin this region. The important mistake was becomeliderallarabnations and collect power under hand. Somearabliderswere approached jealously, some ofthemnominated unity of arabworld. But at the end all of them arevictimseoflidership. Although, beingarabdidnt provide their unity and they made ally with America which has only benefit from them. But U.S power is also going limited. His failure in ran-Syriacoallitionis forcing to plan new games for energy power Reference A. MehmetKocaoglu, Petro-Strategy,(Istanbul: Harp Akademileri Basmevi, 1996) ZbigniewBrzezinski, The Grand Chessboard, American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, New York, 1997) KirenAzizChaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economies and Instituti ons in the Middle East, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997)Alan RichardsveJohnWaterbury,A Political Economy of the Middle East,(Washington DC: Westview Press, 1998) James A. Paul, Great Power Conflict over Iraqi Oil: the World War I Era Global Policy Forum, (October, 2002) ZbigniewBrzezinski, Strategic Vision America and the Crisis of Global Power(Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, New York, 2012) VedatGurbuz, Oil, Oil policy Middle East; Global Policies Regional reflections and Iraq war